Nharaunda yeTula munharaunda: nhamba, kuwanda

Imwe yenzvimbo dzakapfuura dzeRussia, iyo Tula, ine nhoroondo yekare uye inofadza, iyo yakaitika zvikurukuru kuvonga kuvanhu. Vagari vomunharaunda yeTula, kune rumwe rutivi, mufananidzo wakafanana wenyika, pane imwe - kune zvikamu zvakananga pamusoro pekufanirwa kutaura nezvayo.

Geography yenharaunda yacho

Nharaunda yeTula iri pedyo nechepakati peEuropea chikamu cheRussia. Kubva muguta guru renyika, Tula inoparadzaniswa nemakiromita anenge 150. Nharaunda yacho inopinda kuMoscow, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Orel uye Kaluga. Nharaunda yenharaunda iyi 25.6000 square mita. Km. Nzvimbo dzokugara kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweCentral Russian Upland inosarudza nzvimbo yakadzika yeharaunda.

Nharaunda yeTula inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasvibira uye musango. Ikoko kune nzvimbo yekuchengetwa kwemvura yakachena nenzira yakagadzirwa netsitsi yemvura yakabatana neOka uye Don mabheji. Madzimai akawanda emvura yakagadzirwa kuti ape mvura kumisha. Zvisinei, munguva dzakaoma, dunhu rinotambura nechinguva chiduku chemvura.

Nharaunda yeTula yakagara ichizivikanwa pamasango ayo, nhasi inenge 13 kubva muzana yenharaunda inobatwa neminda yakasarudzwa. Kune mashoma emaminera anosvika pedyo neTula. Idzi idzi dzakawanda dzemarasha uye emari, kusanganisira strontium deposits, kufambiswa kwepfuma peat deposits iri kuenderera mberi, kubva muzana remakore rechi15, limestone inotengeswa pasi peTula.

Nzvimbo dzakasvibira dzenharaunda dzave dzichiri kushandiswa kushandiswa kwekurima. Vagari vomunharaunda yeTula vanonyanya kuwedzera kunowedzera kumaodzanyemba masikati enyika.

Mamiriro ekunze

Nharaunda iri munzvimbo yakanyanyisa yekontinende yemamiriro okunze, inoratidzwa nehomwe asi kwete yakaoma yechando uye yechando inopisa. Ivhareji yekupisa kwegore negore iri pamusi wekuwedzera ma 5 degrees. Nguva iyo ine zviratidzo zvakanaka pane thermometer inosvika mazuva makumi maviri pagore.

Munharaunda inonaya mvura inowanzosvika 570 mm. Nguva yemazhizha inotanga pakupera kwaMay uye inopera kusvika pakutanga kweSeptember, yevhareji yekupisa munaJuly, mwedzi unopisa, ine +19 degrees.

Zuva rinotanga munaNovember, pakupera kwemwedzi iwoyo chinyorwa chechando chinosimbiswa. Mwedzi unotonhora ndiJanuary, inonzi thermometer paavhareji panguva ino madonho kusvika kune 10 degrees.

Mamiriro akanaka emamiriro okunze emamiriro ezvinhu anowanzoenderana nebhanhire rekuRussia rakashambadza rinotungamirira kukuti vanhu vaigara nguva dzose pano. Vagari vomunharaunda yeTula vakanyatsoenderana nechemukati uye vanoona kuti yakagadzikana kurarama. Hakuna chando chinotyisa uye kupisa kunopisa, zuva rinopenya kakawanda. Izvo zvose izvi zvine maitiro akanaka pamuchero wekurima. Nzvimbo, uyewo mushwa uye majiroji, ayo akafuma mumasango emunharaunda.

Nhoroondo yekugadzirisa nzvimbo yacho

Vanhu vekutanga vakauya kunyika idzi makore zviuru gumi akapfuura. Pano, kakawanda akawana zvakasara zvekupaka vanhu vanhu vePaleolithic, Mesolithic neNeolithic. Ikoko vatorwa kubva kumhenderekedzo yeRwizi rwaDana vakagara, vana veBalts neMavatichi.

Masayendisiti anobvunza mubvunzo, iyo inharaunda yei Tula munharaunda inoonekwa seyemunharaunda? Iyo tsika yakagamuchirwa yakagamuchirwa iyo vazhinji vevagari vanobva kumarudzi ekutanga eSlavic, mamwe marudzi ndeye mamwe madzinza akasiyana-siyana.

Vaatichi vaishanda nesimba uye vaiva vanhu vane ruzivo, vaive vane unyanzvi mune metallurgy, zvekurima, kubata. Vaifanira kubhadhara mutero kune vaKazars, veKievine machinda, kuitira kuti vasashamiswa. Asi nguva nenguva, shure kwezvose, kurwiswa kwakaitika, nokuti kudzivirira kwakavakwa guta-renhare reDedoslavl, uye Belev ine simba guru rehoki, ipapo Novosil, Tula naAleksin vanoonekwa. Izvo zvose izvi zvakanga zvakakura uye zvakasimba misha. Dzinowanzotaurwa zvakataurwa nevanyori vanoverengeka.

Muna 1380 munharaunda yenharaunda iyi pane mukurumbira wekuku Kukokovo, mushure mekunge kubatana kwenyika dzeRussia kumativi eMoscow kunotanga. Nharaunda yeTula inova nzvimbo inokosha yekudzivirira nzvimbo kumativi ekumaodzanyemba emambo hweMoscow.

Muzana remakore rechi17 kuburitswa kwemabhizimisi enyika yeTula kunotanga, masangano emagetsi emagetsi emasvingo akavakwa pano, mune zvombo zvepamusoro zvakagadzirirwa uto reRussia. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, Province reTula rakasikwa, iyo inotanga kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi inotanga, iyo yakaguma nehombodo duku kusvikira kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.

Munguva dzeSoviet, nzvimbo yeTula yaiva nzvimbo yakawanda asi inokosha. Indasitiri, hurimi huri kukura pano, mineral deposits irikudziridzwa. Mune dzimwe nguva dzeSoviet, nzvimbo yacho inotanga kukura sangano rekushanyirwa, uye pano kune mabhizinesi akawanda anopa hukama hwehupfumi hwenharaunda.

Population dynamics

Kubva muna 1897, nguva dzose kutarisa kwenhamba yevagari vemuhara. Ipapo ipapo akararama 1.4 mamiriyoni evanhu. Pasati perestroika muzana remakore rechi20, nzvimbo yakakura yakaramba ichiwedzera, kunyangwe pamutengo usingakoshi. Uye kubva pakupera kwema80 kunopera kwakasimba kunotanga. Saka, muna 1978 munharaunda maiva nevanhu 1.906 mamiriyoni, uye muna 2000 - ikozvino 1,743 mamiriyoni. Uye kuderera kunoenderera kusvikira nhasi.

Nhasi, vagari vomuTula munharaunda vanhu 1.506 mamiriyoni. Iyi "purogiramu yemadzimai" purogiramu, iyo yakaratidza zvakakosha, haina kubatsira kubva kunze kwenzvimbo yepamusoro yenharaunda yacho. Asi zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzera kuitika kuti nzvimbo iri kubudisa. Mamiriro edambudziko anochengetedzwa nekusvika kwevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika gore negore, kunyanya vagari vanobva kunyika dzeCIS. Gore roga roga vanenge vanenge zviuru zvitatu vanhu vauya kunharaunda. Vanhu vangani vari munzvimbo yeTula vachave mune ramangwana, nhasi nyanzvi hazvigoni kupindura, asi hutungamiri zvakajeka zvine matambudziko anoda kutariswa kuitira kuti nzvimbo yacho isati yakabviswa zvachose.

Kutungamira nekuparadzanisa kwevanhu

Mazuva ano, mavhareji evanhu vakawanda munzvimbo yeTula ndeye 58.6 vanhu pamakiromita mana. Km. Zvisinei, kune huwandu hwakajeka muhuwandu hwemaguta nemaruwa. Mumakore makumi mashanu adarika, nhamba yeguta rekugarisa yakawedzera ne20%. Nhasi, vanhu vane mamiriyoni 1.2 vanogara mumaguta, ndiko kuti, inenge 80% yevagari vese vanogara mumaguta. Misha iri kupera uye kufa. Nhasi, vagari vemaguta emunharaunda yeTula vanoparidzirwa sezvizvi: nzvimbo yakakura yevanhu inonzi Tula (485 000 vanhu), mamwe maguta ari maduku zvikuru. Novomoskovsk - 126 000 vanhu, Donskoy - 64 zviuru zvevanhu, Aleksin - 58 zviuru zvevanhu, Shchekino - 57 zviuru zvevanhu, Uzlovaya - 52 zviuru zvevanhu. Zvose zveguta racho kunyange zviduku. Guta duku pane Chekalin (965 vanhu).

Demographic characteristics

Vagari venharaunda yeTula vanoratidza chimiro chakajeka pakukwegura. Kubereka uye kufa kune kuwira, huwandu hunotanga kurarama kwechinguva chiduku, zvichienderana nekusvika makore 69. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chepasi chairo cheRussia, chinoratidza mamiriro asina kunaka munzvimbo.

Munharaunda yacho, kuwedzera kuzviuraya kwakakwirira, chiyero chekufa kubva mumasikirwo evanhu chakakoshawo. Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvezvakatipoteredza, izvo munharaunda nhasi haisi yakanaka kwazvo, zvinokanganisawo zvakanyanya kutarisira hupenyu. Dambudziko revanhu vari vanhu vanosvika 773 vasingakwanisi kushanda kune zviuru zvevashandi vese (munzvimbo dzakapoteredza ichi chiyero vanhu 711).

Zvikamu zvehuwandu hwevanhu

Vagari vanogara munzvimbo yeTula, kunyanya Russian, inenge 95%. 1% vanhu vekuUkraine, mamwe madzinza anomiririrwa nemapoka esiri pasi pe1%. Mutauro mukuru wekutaurirana ndeyeRussia. Chitendero chikuru chinonzi Orthodoxy.