Tsamba yaGogol kuna Belinsky: muchidimbu, kuongorora

Kwemazana zana nehafu, vamiririri vevanhu vakadzidza veRussia, vanobatanidzwa muchikwata chemauto kana chemakominist, nechinakidza mukudzidza chirevo chinonyatsozivikanwa pakati peVG Belinsky naNV Gogol, vakasarudza mazano ekutanga.

Kutsoropodza zvinyorwa

Mushure mekunge 1917 kukakavadzana kwevanhu ava vakawanda kwakabatanidzwa mune dzidzo yehurumende. Zvisinei, mumabhuku acho chete pfungwa yeBelinsky VG yakabata yakanyorwa yakanyorerwa tsamba iyo kuna Gogol yakaratidza mafungiro ake kune chokwadi, yakaratidza kubatana kwepfungwa dzake nehurukuro-democracy. Nikolai Vasilievich akabatawo avo vanochengetedza. Mukurwisana kweRussia, Gogol mufungidziri akanga asiri kudiwa chete, asi kunyange kukuvadza. Zvose zvaakatonga zvakauya kubva kwaari zvakabvumirwa, zvakanakisisa, kududzira, nekuchichinja zvisingazivikanwi. Kwemakumi emakumi emakore, kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende kunyoresa Gogol kune rumwe rutivi. Akaita semutsoropodzi we "sangano raaigara." Akaratidzwa somunyori, uyo basa rake raitsvaga kungoenzanisira maitiro asina kunaka evanhu vemuimba yevagari vemunyika, maitiro ehurumende. Chikamu chemweya chaIkolai Vasilyevich chakaramba chiri mumumvuri.

Chikonzero chekukakavara

Musi waDecember 31, 1846, bhuku raGogol rakabudiswa. Akanzi "Akasarudzwa nzvimbo kubva pakubatanidzwa neshamwari." Akatsamwa, Belinsky anoda kusvika pakarepo akanyora tsamba kuna Gogol. Mariri, anodana bhuku racho "rakashata", anopomera munyori wekusaziva chokwadi. Basa racho rakaguma rakabviswa pamisasa kwenguva yakareba uye rakaiswa muchitoro chakavharwa. Russia yakabvumirwa kuverenga "The Inspector General", "Dead Souls", "Viya", "Nevsky Prospekt" nedzimwe ngano. Zvisinei, munyori pachake akadana "Selected places ..." bhuku rake rinobatsira chete. Iye zvino yakadzoserwa kune vaverengi.

Maonero evanhu vose

Bhuku ra1846 rakakonzera kutsamwa kwevanhu vekuRussia vakakurumbira. Mumakore aya, vanyori vakawanda vakataurira zvikonzero zvakasiyana siyana zvakakonzera Gogol kuinyora. Vamwe vakataura kuti zvakanga zvakanyanyisa uye zvinorwadza kune munyori akarasika pfungwa yakarurama yezvakamupoteredza. Vamwe vaidavira kuti bhuku racho rairatidza kushaya simba kwake kwete kwete semunhu anofunga, asi sevanhu vose. Vamwewo vakati Gogol akatya mhedziso iyo yakatevera kubva kune dzimwe mimwe mabasa emifananidzo. Fourth yakatenda kuti bhuku racho rakaratidza mafungiro emunyori, izvo zvakakonzerwa nekusarura kwechitendero uye utopias.

Belinsky tsamba kuna Gogol: mufupiso

Zvinotendwa kuti rakakundikana basa rekunyora kweanotsoropodza, sezvazvakanyorwa nguva pfupi asati afa. Lenin aidavira kuti tsamba yaBelinsky yeGogol yaiva imwe yemabasa anoshamisa ehurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika, isina kudziviswa. Zvarinoreva zvakachengetedzwa kwenguva yakareba. Pakutanga, bhuku rakanzi "Sarudzwa Nzvimbo ..." rakamutswa semubhanhire, risati rasangana nemaitiro akanaka munharaunda yevanhu. Zvisinei, kumutsiura kwakasimba kwake kwakapa tsamba yaBelinsky kuna Gogol. Chii chakataurwa nemutsoropodzi pamusoro? Mumitsara yake akapa tsanangudzo isina tsitsi pamusoro pemunyori. Akatsoropodza akamuti "muparidzi wechipupuri, muapositori wekusaziva, mhare ye obscurantism uye obscurantism, mutungamiri wemitemo yeTatar." Belinsky tsamba kuna Gogol, ane zvinyorwa zvishoma zvaitaurirwa nevePetrashevis uye zvese zvinofambira mberi zvevanhu, vakaratidza zvinodiwa nemafungiro evanhu vanoita serfidhi vachirwisana nehurumende. Mutsoropodzi akati pakutanga iye munyori akanga atsiva tsarism, vaseka vagari venyika, vakarwa neserfdom. Iro revolutionary circle yakagamuchirwa naGogol. Akamanikidza nyika yose kuseka paPlyushkin, Sobakevich, Khlestakov, iyo pasina mubvunzo yakabatsira zvikuru kurwisana navo. Mune chinangwa chinangwa, akatumidza serfdom. Belinsky tsamba kuna Gogol inoyeuchidza Nikolai Vasilyevich wekare. Munhu anotsoropodza anotaura nezvekuremekedza uye rudo rwake kwaari, somunhu anonyatsobatanidzwa nenyika yake, achiita somumwe wevatungamiri mumugwagwa wokufambira mberi. Mushure mekubudiswa kwebhuku rinonzi "Selected Places ..." Belinsky akapa mhinduro yakaipa zvikuru mu "Contemporary". Panguva iyoyo, kukwidza kwake kuna Nikolai Vasilyevich kwakange kusingadhindwi, asi yakave yakaparadzirwa zvikuru, zvisinei. Chikamu chekutanga chemagariro evanhu chakanzwisisa pasina chero chakaoma kuti chii chinonyanya kukosha tsamba yeBelinsky kuna Gogol. Mutsoropodzi akapandukira kuparidza kwe "hupombwe nenhema pasi pekudzivirirwa kwechitendero uye chirove." Belinsky akaratidza mutsamba kune vanhu vasingatendi kuti kuna Mwari vanhu veRussia. Panguva imwecheteyo akaziva hunoitika hwaKristu uye dzidziso yake yekusununguka, hukama hwehukama nekuenzana. Tsamba kuna Gogol Belinsky, muchidimbu, yakava manifesto yekufunga uye yekufambira mberi kweRussia. "Zita romutsoropodzi raizivikanwa nemumiriri wese wevechiri kufambira mberi," akadaro Aksakov.

Belinsky tsamba yeGogol: kuongorora

Kunyanya kukwirira kuongororwa kwemashoko omutsoropodzi kwakapiwa naLenin. Panguva iyoyo, hurumende yakatevera avo vaiichengeta uye vaiiverenga. Maererano nejeri rebazi rechitatu naPetrashevsky, mazwi eakatsoropodza akaita kuti vanhu vafarire. Bhabinsky's letter ndiyo chinyorwa chinokosha chekufunga kwevanhu. Mutsoropodzi akataura nezvaNikolai Vasilyevich iye zvino kwete semuongorori wepamusoro, asi semusangano wezvematongerwo enyika. Bhuku rake rakadzivirira hurumende yeNikolaev, yakatsigirwa nejeri. NV Gogol akasimudza muridzi wemunda, akamuparidzira "baba vevarimi," uye akaratidza kudiwa kwokumuteerera. Akadana serf iye pachake "isina kushambwa". Muvakidzani, zvisinei, Gogol akadzidzisa zvakawanda kuti awane mari yebasa revarimi, vakadanwa kuteerera kwaZar nevatungamiriri vake, kuzadzikiswa kwemitambo yekare. Izvozvi zvose zvakasimudzira kutsoropodza kwakasimba. Belinsky akataura kuti ruponeso rweRussia harusi mukunyengedzera, mafungiro uye kupembedza, asi mukubudirira kwevanhu, chiedza nekubudirira. Akanyatsopesana nemharidzo, achidana kuti kumutswa pakati pevanhu vanozviremekedza, izvo kwemazana emakore zvakatsikirirwa kuva tsvina uye dope. Mutsamba yaakanyorera Gogol, Belinsky akatarisa pfungwa dzomunyori pamusoro pezvokwadi. Mutsoropodzi akati vanhu havazokwanisi kukanganwira kusakanganwa kwakadaro kwemasununguko akataurwa mubhuku. Achitaura zvinopesana nenyoka, Belinsky akajekesa pachena kunyadziswa kwake kose. Mushure mokuverenga "Sarudza nzvimbo ...", muongorori akarohwa nekuchinja kwakaitika mupfungwa dzemunyori. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, kunze kwepeni rake kwakauya "The Inspector General" uye "Mweya Yakafa" iyo yaipomera muimba weimba, yakaseka. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva yekunyora bhuku rake Gogol akagara kune dzimwe nyika. Ichi chakava chimwezve gakava mukutsoropodza. Belinsky akati iwe haugoni, kunyange kure nenyika, unonzwisisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Zvichakadaro, uyo anotsoropodza, achifunga kuti pfungwa idzi dzose dzomunyori dzaive chikonzero chekunyengera kwake, zvinomukurudzira kuti aite chimwe chinhu chinogadzirisa izvo zvingaderedza kushanda kwebhuku rake.

Nguva dzinokosha dzemashoko

Belinsky akaroverwa nemashoko aGogol pamusoro pekusabatsira uye kunyangadza kwekuverenga nokunyora kuvanhuwo zvavo. Mashoko aNikolai Vasilyevich aya, zvichida, bhuku rake nderekunyengera kunorambwa zvakarongwa. Belinsky anoti iyi mutsara wekufunga yave ichizivikanwa muRussia kwenguva refu. Uyezve, uyo anotsoropodza anoratidza kusavapo kweuchenjeri uye tarenda mubasa. Anoti izvi hazvikwanisi nenzira ipi zvayo nezvisikwa izvo zvaakasika pakutanga. Belinsky anoramba zvakasimba mhedziso yokuti bhuku racho raive chibereko chechirwere chefungwa dzaGogol. Anotsanangura izvi kuburikidza nechokwadi chokuti chakanyorwa kwete rimwe chete kana mazuva maviri, asi, zvichida, makore.

Reply of Nikolai Vasilyevich

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, muongorori akabudisa nyaya pamusoro pebhuku idzva rinonzi "Selected Places ..." muSovremennik. Akakanganiswa naye, Gogol akanyora tsamba kuna Belinsky. Mariri, anotaura kuti kutsoropodzwa kwebhuku rake kunowanzokonzerwa nemafungiro ake. Munguva iyi Belinsky akarwara zvikuru. Achigara muRussia, aisakwanisa kupindura Nikolai Vasilievich, sezvo panguva iyoyo kupomerwa kwaiitwa zvakanyanya. Asi chirwere chacho chakaita kuti aende kune imwe nyika. Kubva ipapo akatumira mhinduro yakatsamwa.

Tsamba yaN. Gogol kuBelinsky yakatumirwa musi waAugust 10. Mariri, munyori wacho akashamiswa zvikuru nemhinduro yevanhu vose mubhuku rake. Anoti iye akagamuchira makumi mashanu ekuongorora, uye ivo vose vakanga vakasiyana. Nikolai Vasilyevich anobvuma kuti, chaizvoizvo, haana kunzwisisa zviri nani mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Zvisinei, tsamba yaGogol kuna Belinsky haigoni kunzi kuchema kwe "nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa ...". Uyezve, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti haana kuziva kuipa kwemafungiro ake, mhedziso, mazwi uye pfungwa. Anongotaura chete kuti munhu anofanira kuuya kuRussia, kuona uye zvakare dzidza zvose zviri mairi. Tsamba yekupedzisira yaGogol Belinsky inopupurira kusanyora kwebumbiro kwekuumba chimwe chinhu chitsva vasati vashanyira nyika. Munyori anotenda kuti kunyange vanhu avo vari muRussia havagoni kunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro ese ezvinhu. Kutendeukira kuVissarion Grigorievich, anotaura kuti iye, zvakare, pane zvake haagoni kuziva zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvaanozivikanwa. Saizvozvowo, hakungavi nekunyatsonzwisisa kwakakwana kwezvikonzero zvakaita kuti kusikwa kwe "Sarudzo nzvimbo ...". Tsamba yaGogol kuna Belinsky haina kukurudzira chero chinhu, haadanidzi chero chinhu. Nikolai Vasilyevich anoedza kuzviruramisa mune imwe nzira, kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Panguva imwecheteyo, anonzwisisa kuti, zvichida, mazwi ake haazowani mhinduro kubva kumutsoropodzi.

Tsamba yaGogol kuna Belinsky inoratidza mamiriro emunyori. Akanga akaora mwoyo uye akapotsa akaparadzwa nekutsoropodza. Mitsara inotungamirira yakasangana nehasha nebasa rake, asi vakashinga kukurukura mhinduro yaVissarion Grigorievich kwaari. Pasinei nekutsigirwa kwakapiwa mubhuku rake nehurumende, Gogol haana kuwana kugutsikana kwaaitarisira. Mukupindura kwake pakutsoropodza, haaratidzi zvikonzero zvechokwadi zvekunyora bhuku. Tsamba yaGogol kuna Belinsky inoratidzika isina kujeka uye isina kujeka, pakuenzanisa nemashoko emupikisa. Zvisinei, anobvuma kuti anonyanya kufunga pamusoro pake. Panguva imwecheteyo anotaura kuna Belinsky kuti "haana kupararira" zvisina kufanira. Anoti uyo anotsoropodza anoshaya chido chekudzidza zvose zvaanoziva pachake kuti anzwisise vavariro dzake nemafungiro ake. Tsamba yaGogol Belinsky muna 1847 inoguma nechishuvo chehutano. Nikolai Vasilyevich anoyeuchidza Vissarion Grigorievich kuti kana musipo pakurwara munogona kuita bhizimisi mune rimwe remunda.

Mhedziso

Belinsky akataura kuna Gogol kuti kure neRussia mamiriro ezvinhu anoita seanobudirira. Zvisinei, pedyo nayo hazvizove zvakanaka kwazvo. Gogol anobvuma izvi. Zvisinei, pamwe chete neizvi, anotaura kuti muongorori wega zvinhu zvakawanda haagoni kuziva. Asi, kusiyana neBelinsky, Gogol anotaura kuti akagadzirira kubvuma zvikanganiso zvake nekushanda pavari. Panguva imwecheteyo, muongorori haaoni zvakafanana, izvo, zvechokwadi, zvinonyadzisa zvikuru. Anoti Russia iri pedyo nezviitiko zvikuru zvinoda kuti vanhu vaone upenyu kubva kumativi ose pasina kumhanyira mukati me revolution. Zvichida Gogol akanga ari pasi pesimba rekudzidzisa zvechitendero. Pfungwa, iyo yaaive nayo, akatumira pfungwa dzake kune vezvematongerwo enyika. Akataura nezvekubatana kwemweya kwevanhu uye tsar, chido chekuchengetedza ichozve. Izvi zvakapesana zvakasimba nemafungiro aakanga aita kare. Zvisinei, kubva pane mhinduro yake Belinsky anotevera kuti haadi kuramba pfungwa dzake zvachose. Akagadzirira chete kuti adzidzezve Russia uye mamiriro ezvinhu mune iyo. Asi izvi, zvichida, zvakange zvakakodzera kuti iye arambe achisimbisa pfungwa dzake.

Kukurukurirana kwezvifananidzo

Belinsky naGogol pane imwe nguva vaiva shamwari dzakanaka nevatsigiri vemamwe mazano. Wekutanga, seanotsoropodza, anonyanya kutsvaga zvematongerwe enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika kune hurumende, achiomerera pakugutsa zvido zvinokurumidza zvevanhu voruzhinji avo vakanga vari pasi pekudzvinyirirwa kwejecha. Akataura nezvezvinhu zvakanyanya kukurumidzirwa munguva yedu kubvisa kurangwa, kuiswa kwekushanda kwakasimba kwemitemo yose iripo. Chinhu chinokosha chaidiwa chaiva kuparadzwa kwe serfdom. Gogol, iyewo, semunyori akanga achibudisa vatenzi venyika, vakuru vakuru, voga. Iko mune maonero akabatanidzwa evanhu ava. Belinsky, achijekesa kunyadziswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu evarimi, akanyora kuti Russia iri kuva nyika inotyisa umo vanhu vanotengesa. Mune hurumende kwakanga kusina chete chivimbo chepfuma, kukudzwa, unhu, asiwo mapurisa. Belinsky akafunga kuti basa guru rinofanira kuva kubviswa kwesadhifu. Basa rekunyora, mune maonero ake, raiva mutungamiriri kuvanhu. Mune vanyori akaona vatungamiri venyika itsva. Pakati pavo, Gogol akashandisa ruremekedzo rukuru uye rudo rweBelinsky pachake uye nevamwe vamiririri vevanhu vanofambira mberi. Asi, paakabva kunze kwenyika, anonyora bhuku rinoparadza zvose pfungwa pamusoro pake.

Mhedziso

Kupindura kutsoropodza, Gogol haatauri nharo paanofarira. Anongova nechokwadi chezvinhu zvakasimbiswa. Hapana chido mune tsamba yake yekuvandudza, "funga pamusoro", kukumbira ruregerero, pakupedzisira, kuvanhu. Bhuku raKe rakanga risati riri panguva iyoyo rinozivikanwa sezvikamu zvepamusoro zvevanhu. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa zvikuru nekuti vanhu vakanga vatove vakatsika zvakasimba mukuchida kwehupenyu hutsva, husina hurumende, iyo hurumende yakanga isingagoni kupa.