Nharaunda yenzvimbo yeSouth America. Tsanangudzo yenzvimbo ye South America

Munguva dzekare, South America yakanga iri chikamu chemamwe mashoma enyika. Mushure mekunge vakaparadzana uye vachienda kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kondinendi yakareba kwenguva refu yakange iri yoga kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Kusvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, makondinendi maviri muWestern Hemisphere akabatanidza Isthmus yePanama. Zvadaro kuburikidza neiri zvakarongedzwa negomba remvura rinonyanya kutaurwa. Kumwero mukuru, kutarisa kwemazuva ano hakusi kungoona nzvimbo ye South America (GP) uye maitiro ayo, asiwo mabasa evanhu.

Nyaya yakazara pamusoro penyika yeSouth America. Territory value

Nharaunda yekondinendi (kusanganisira zviwi zviri pedyo) mamiriyoni 18 km ² (yechina nenharaunda). Munguva dzekare, kutengesa kwakasimba kwetectonic kwakakonzera kuparadzaniswa muSushi uye kuputika kweSouth America mahwendefa kumadokero - kuenda kudivi reNazca. Mugumisiro wemigwagwa iyi inouya yakakonzera kupesana kwe lithosphere arrays, kuumbwa kwemakomo akaputika (Andes). Mamiriro ekunze akava akadziya, maAmerica aripo zvino achinja, kushambira kwakasimba uye kudarika nemasango asina kuvekesa emasango omupata wawo mukati uye pasi zvakasvika. Kutenda kunzvimbo iri kure iri munyika yehupenyu yeSouth America, zvinogara uye zvisikwa zvezvirimwa nemhuka zvakachengetedzwa. Tsanangudzo yenzvimbo yeSouth America ichabatsira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvipi zvinogadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano uye nzvimbo dzemazuva ano, mabasa evanhu.

Nharaunda yenzvimbo yeSouth America. Purogiramu

Muchimiro, kondinendi yakafanana nedonhwe, iyo iyo inotarisana neAntarctic Peninsula uye South Pole. Nzvimbo yakadzika iri kure nechokumaodzanyemba kweEquator, uye mumasitropic pane chikamu chiduku. Zviratidzo zvePlandland GP dzinosanganisira kuverenga kwezvinhu zvikuru zvekugara kwayo pasi uye mapeji, mavakidzani geographic objects. Zvakakosha kuita zviito zvakasiyana siyana:

1. Kudzidza nzvimbo inosvika kuEquator, meridian yokutanga.
2. Sarudza mamiriro ekurutivi rwokumusoro, kuchamhembe, kumadokero uye kumabvazuva.
3. Dzokorora muchidimbu gungwa, mazamu achichenesa kondinendi, makungwa makuru, matambudziko uye mabhanga.

Tsanangudzo yenzvimbo ye South America

Nzvimbo huru yekondinendi iri kumaodzanyemba kwe 0 ° (equator) parallel, uye murutivi rwokuchamhembe - nzvimbo duku. Meridian 0 ° haipfuuri ino kondinendi.

Nzvimbo yemamiriro ekuSouth America muchidimbu:

• 12 ° ne. W. - m. Galinas kumusoro;
• 54 ° S. W. - m Frouord kumaodzanyemba kwezasi kondinendi;
• 56 ° S. W. - chitsuwa chinzvimbo - m Diego-Ramirez kumaodzanyemba.

Nzvimbo yenzvimbo yeSouth America kumucheto ndiyo nhepfenyuro yezvikamu zviviri zvakanyanyisa kumabvazuva nekumavirira:

• 35 ° W. Etc. - m. Cabo Branco;
• 81 ° W. Etc. - m. Parinhas.

Pa10 ° parallel, kureba kusvika kumhenderekedzo inosvika 4,655 km, uye 5,150 km is latitude yekondinendi yeSouth America. Nzvimbo inosvika kuEquator yenharaunda iyi 5 ° S. W.

Mamiriro egungwa

Nechokumadokero kumucheto kwekondinendi yakashambidzwa nePacific Ocean nemafuta ayo echiPeruvia anotonhora. Ichi chikamu chiduku chegungwa. Heano marefu uye akakwirira makomo emakomo eAndes. South America neAntarctica vanobatana nechisimba, chakatumidzwa zita remapirate eMiddle Ages, Francis Drake. Mvura iri pamusoro pemvura 460 kubva kuAtlantic kusvika kuPacific Ocean. Uhu hwakawanda huri kubva pa818 kusvika ku1120 km, hupamhi hwacho hunobva kubva ku276 kusvika 5249 m.Inzvimbo yenzvimbo yekondinendi yeSouth America pedyo neAntarctica inokonzera mamiriro akaoma kumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi, muMagellan Channel uye kune zvitsuwa zveTierra del Fuego archipelago . Chimiro cheFalkland Islands (Malvinas) chinoshandiswawo nechekumaodzanyemba kwenzvimbo. Kumabvazuva, mabhangi anoshambidzwa neAtlantic, kuchamhembe neCaribbean Sea.

Kushambira Columbus

Pamashoko eGreece nemifananidzo yePtolemy, makondinendi muWestern Hemisphere haatambudziki. Kune nhamba dzakawanda uye nharo dzinobva pauchapupu hwekushambira kune zvitsuwa uye kumhenderekedzo yeAmerica yevanhu vekare veEurasia (Phoenicians, vaEgipita, Vikings), vagari veOceania. Masayendisiti nevafambi venguva iyo vaifunga kuti kune nzira yekuMadokero kune nyika dzakapfuma dzeEast. Nzvimbo yomuviri yeSouth America yakatora nguva yakareba yega yekuparadzaniswa kwekondinendi ino kubva kuNyika Yekare, ruzivo rwayo ruzivo kusvikira muzana remakore rechi15. Munguva iyi, veEurope vakatanga kugadzirisa nekuvandudza America. Navigator uye mutengesi Christopher Columbus pasi pemureza weSpain korona kane (1492-1504) akashanyira Nyika Itsva. Kwenguva yekutanga akaenda kure kumavirazuva pamusoro weboka duku rekufamba nechikepe - kutsvaga nzira shoma kuIndia. Panguva yekufambisa, imwe yeAntilles yakavhurwa kwavari. MunaAgasti 1498, ngarava dzeColumbus dzakapinda muhombekombe yeOrinoco, dzichitanga kukunda kondinendi nemaEurope. Mufambisi wengarava, achienda pamhenderekedzo isina uncharted, aiva nechokwadi chokuti akanga asvika kuIndia. Aborigines vane ruoko rworudyi rweColumbus vakatanga kunzi maIndia.

Nhepfenyuro shomanana pamusoro pekoloni yekondinendi neEurope

Amerigo Vespucci akafunga kuti Columbus akawana nyika isingazikamwi. Mukukudzwa kwekufungidzira kwakanaka kwemufambisi wengarava, nyika yakadziva kumaodzanyemba yakanzi America (1507). Vespucci akashanyira America kakawanda muupenyu hwake. Akatora mapepa ndokuzvitsanangura. Kwemazana maviri emakore, vaSpain nevaPutukezi vave vakaziva nzvimbo dziri mukati uye kumaodzanyemba. Vakashandurwa kuva matongo maguta ekare eIndia akavakwa nemasangano eIncas, Aztecs uye Maya. Kubukuru hwekoloni yeSouth America nevanhu vanobva kuIberian Peninsula muzana remakore rechi16 vaFrench, veChirungu neDutch vakabatana. Vafambi vanofamba-famba vakapota nyika, vakaderera mumasango asingakanganisiki epakati pekutanga mukutsvaga pfuma yeEldorado, pamwe chete nemvura inopa hupenyu husingaperi. Kubhadhara kwakakwira kumusoro kweAndes, yakatumirwa uye yakadzika kumaAmazon, Parana, dzimwe nzizi. Uyu anonyanya kukunda muSpain F. Orellana akayambuka kondinendi (1542), achifamba neAngland kubva kune zvinyorwa muAndes kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeAtlantic kugungwa.

Studies of South America (XVII-XX)

ChiGermany geographer A. Humboldt mumakore ekufambisa kwake kwesayenzi akanyora mapeji akajeka eakontinende, maoceanic mazaya kubva kumadokero mahombekombe. Akanga ari iye wokutanga kuziva kukosha kwemvura inotonhora yekuumbwa kwemamiriro ekunze eAndes, yakatsanangura nzvimbo yakakwirira yezvinyorwa uye zvinomera zvemakomo (pamwe chete neFrenchman E. Bonplan). Akadzidza nezvemaodzanyemba kweSouth America muzana remakore rechi19, munyori wenhau anozivikanwa wokuBritain Charles Darwin. Kucherechedza mhuka dzisingaoneki dzezvitsuwa zveGalapagos zvinopisa mhepo zvakaita kuti muongorori ave nepfungwa yekushanduka kwezvisikwa. Masayendisiti echiRussia G. Langsdorf naN. Rubtsov vakaongororwa muzana remakore rechina reXIX yezvikamu zvemukati zveBrazilian plateau. Kuendeswa mberi kwakatungamirirwa naA. Voeikov naN. Vavilov vakaongorora nzvimbo dzekubva nekugoverwa kwezviyo zvakakosha zvezvirimwa (1932-1933).

Kusiyana kwehupenyu hwekondinendi

Munharaunda yeSouth America, kune kusiyana kukuru kwezvisikwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Chinonyanya kukosha pakati pavo ndechokuuya kwemazuva ano, izvo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemaodzanyemba. Chimiro chekondinendi chakakanganiswa ne:

• Zviratidzo zvezvimbo yenzvimbo yeSouth America;
• Kukura kwendima;
• Atmospheric circulation;
• Akakomberedza Nyika Yose;
• Kusviba uye kupisa kwemvura;
• Pasi pedenga (makomo, mapani, madenga).

MuSouth America, kwete mamiriro okunze akaoma, seAfrica. Tinonyora mabhanhire makuru (kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba): equatorial, mvura inotyisa uye inononoka, shanduko - subequatorial uye pasi.

Mhedziso

Zviratidzo zvekugara kweSouth America - chinhu chinokosha mukudzidza kwekondinendi. Pakaitika kare kare kondinendi iyi yakanga isiri munzvimbo yePasi iyo inoshandisa iye zvino. Akapfuura nzira yakareba yekufambira mberi - kubva kune zvikamu zvePangea neGondwana kusvika kunezvino mazuva ekugadzirwa kwenyika.

Nyika ino iri muWestern Hemisphere, kunyanya - kumaodzanyemba kweEquator. Kumadokero pane bhandi remakomo - Andes. Pedyo nemiganhu kune gomba rakadzika-mvura, iro rakamuka nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwezvikamu zviviri zve lithosphere. Munharaunda iyi kune makomo anoputika, kune kudengenyeka kwenyika kunoparadza kunobatanidza hupenyu nemabasa evanhu.

Mazuva ano vagari vepinyika iyi ndezu dzevaIndia, vaSpain nevaPutukezi vanokunda, varanda vanotengeswa kubasa kuminda. Nhamba yose yenyika 12 yekondinendi inodarika mamiriyoni 380 evanhu. Iyo nyika inowanikwa mune zvitsva, pakati payo ndiyo yakakwirira pane makomo emvura, mvura zhinji, masara emaguta ekare, zvimwe zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvekufambisa uye zvepasi pose.