The Reformation mu Europe

Pakazopera kuMiddle Ages yeRoma aiva mumwe vakapfuma uye simba zvikuru masangano muEurope. Asi simba iri rakanga chete pachena: ungano, uye mano uye anokudzwa, zvikuru sevanhu vakuru kusagutsikana pamwe omnipotence nevafundisi, iyo pakupedzisira zvakaita sangano nokuda rokuvakazve kereke - Yokuchinja.

zvikonzero

Pakazopera umambo XV remakore yakabuda munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope. Madzimambo, kuvimba hondo uye muboka revatungamiriri, vakanga ndisingambofariri kupindira vanapapa muzvinhu zvavo. Zvavo zvinokosha nhungamiro madzimambo hadzina kudiwa. Haunted madzimambo uye upfumi Catholic Church, waiva mumwe Varidzi pakukura Europe. Hongu, kana chete nayo! On chegumi, kubhadhara basa uye kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi vafundisi vaiwana mari zhinji kuti "akananga" iri muRoma kure. mambo ichi, Chokwadi, haana kufanana.

Vanhuwo havadi mamwe zvirevo echitendero. Chekutanga, kwemitengo yezvinhu mhemberero uye yesosaiti siyana. Chechipiri, mutauro kunamata - kwete vose kunzwisisa zvakataurwa nomupristi rake Latin. Asi kunyange zvakawanda hazvina kufanana chokwadi chokuti chechi rinotsveneswa yaivapo Misiyano. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti munhu nokwaakabva aiva hwose kuva munhu, kunyange kana kuminyuka vanhu kupfuma. Kana kushivirira kudheerera iri neavo nesimba chete nokuti ndizvo, vanoti, kupfuura akafanotaura.

Kutanga Reformation

The kusagutsikana mukuru pamwe Catholic Church anonzi ari ichiparara Germany. Naizvozvo, ndizvo naye uye vakatanga Yasvika muEurope. Muna 1517, rimwe jaya zvouMwari muzvinadzidzo Martin Luther anamira pamusuo youshe nechechi 95 abstracts - maonero avo pamusoro mitemo yechechi. Chikonzero chaiva kwakapararira kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi. Zvinyorwa izvi vaiva, nemashoko ano, mashoko pamusoro kuregererwa kwezvivi. Vari kutengeswa ne mamongi, vari kuratidzwa zvinoitwa pamahofisi kuburikidza Germany. Nokuda dzezvivi Pope akaronga kuvakazve kereke St .. Peter muRoma. Luther akashora zvirevo zvose izvi. Aidavira kuti Papa chero kodzero kuti ape anokanganwira. Luther akataurawo kundorwa nemapazi Mhemberero, monasticism uye kusawana, dzakapiwa vapristi. Kuti Bhaibheri kwainzwisisika kune vanhuwo vokuGermany, vasina kuziva Latin, akashandurira nayo mumutauro wavo waamai.

kuparidza yaLuther vakashinga akatungamirira Pope Leo X akanetseka. Akamukurudzira kusiya maonero ake, uye kana akaramba, azivikanwe muhedheni uye muchechi. Asi Luther hazvina kumutadzisa - nekusiyana, vakagamuchira nzombe akakamukana, akabvarura kuti bvarurwa. At zuro wacho muzvinadzidzo akazviratidza zvakawanda vatsigiri, kusanganisira kwazvo simba. Mumwe wemachinda German kuzvivanza mu Castle yake, apo Luther akanyora yezvouMwari mabasa. Zvichakadai, Yasvika mu Europe dziri kuwedzera yakatanga. Luther akazviratidza vateveri vaipa kuenda pane rimwe danho nokuzvisarudzira zvakasikwa nekuenzana. mutungamiri wavo Tomas Myuntser akatungamirira kupanduka akakura kuva murimi mudiki hondo. machinda German vakakurumidza vakakunda havaratidzi vapanduki zvombo, kwete kushandisa nyaya zvechiuto. The mukumukira akanga utsinye woutsinye. Pashure paizvozvo, Yasvika muGermany pakupedzisira vakapfuura mumaoko munyika kwamachinda.

The hondo pakati machechi maviri

Chokwadi, havasi vose vakakwirira Luther akabvuma pfungwa chokwadi. Pakati nevaPurotesitendi (sezvo zvakazivikanwa vateveri dzidziso itsva) akarova tichirwisa zvombo. It yakatora nguva uye dzakaguma Augsburg nyika vakaona kuti mumwe muchinda pachake ane kodzero yokusarudza chii chichava chitendero mune masimba ake. Pfungwa kuvakazve chechi dzaitapuriranwa, uye nokukurumidza Reformation muEurope rapararira kusvika kumaodzanyemba Germany, Switzerland, France, kuti Air nyika. MuNetherlands, emo Mapurotesitenzi kazhinji zvawandimukira utongi Spanish uye yakawana rusununguko.

Pakutanga yakatanga Yasvika muEngland. King Henry VIII vakarayira kuti Pope, saka akamupa mvumo arambe mukadzi kamwe. Akaramba, uye namambo akazivisa kuti Chirungu Church haasisiri hunotsigirwa Rome. Saka, muna 1534 musoro nevafundisi munyika ino, uye pamwe muridzi zvose chechi pfuma, akava mambo. Zviri pachena kuti kuramba waPapa Waingova chokumupomera yokumubata zvose iye zvaiva chechi. Zvino nokukurumidza kuitwa. Vakasara yeAnglican Church, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi, yave nguva refu yakaita Catholic.

Zvisinei, nokuda pakati XVI remakore nevafundisi vechiKaturike vakauya upenyu, uye Reformation muEurope kunosangana simba nemishonga. The Vanguard hondo kuzorwa VaPurotesitendi akazova sezvakarayirwa vaJesuit, yakavambwa muna 1540 vateveri vake akamiswa muEurope samambure muzvikoro, uyo akapa dzidzo wakanakisisa uye kuroverera kuvimbika kune vadzidzi Catholic Church. VaJesuit haana kuzeza uye vasori entangle vamiririri vavo dzoumambo matare ose. Matanho aya zvisinganyanyi kubvumidzwa kumisa Reformation. Asi aimbova simba Catholic Church asisina.