Taiping Vakamukira muna China makore 1850-1864

Taiping Vakamukira mu China (1850-1864 gg.) - mumwe rinonyatsooneka zviitiko munhoroondo yacho. Kaienda pakutanga Hondo Varimi ' uye sei chiitiko ichi zvakakanganisa pakuzadzisa ehurumende? Verenga nezvazvo pamusoro.

China pamusoro avaida kwazvakarerekera

Pakutanga ari XIX remakore, China wapinda munguva zvakadzama dambudziko, izvo rapararira achiati zvose zvoupenyu paruzhinji. Kuratidza ake political vakatanga kuwedzera antimanchzhurskih naA (kubvira kumugumo XVIII remakore. Akanga simba Qing imba, akatungamirirwa neMweya Manchurian hwedzinza) uye kuwedzera insurgency. The dambudziko raiva kukonzera "wokugumisa" munyika hwekutengeserana vatengesi British uye Indian. China nokuzviremekedza voga zvakakonzera First chinodhaka War pamwe Britain. Somugumisiro vanotyaira nezviito European dzichiva mutemo "kuvhara" kwave zvapera. China akatanga kuva Semi-nyika.

The kukundwa muna First chinodhaka Hondo uye zvimwe kushingaira kupindira mukati upfumi kunyika yokumwe guta kunge vasanyanya mukurumbira raitonga dzinza. Zvino panguva iyi China, hachizi itsva oppositional dzematongerwe, izvo vaiona baba Hun Syutsyuan.

The dzematongerwe of Taiping

Hun Syutsyuan - huru ideologist of Taiping kufamba. Akaberekerwa muna 1813 pedyo Guangzhou. baba vake aiva varombo Chinese mukuru. The ramangwana mutungamiri Taiping kupandukira airamba zvakaitika chaizvo bvunzo kuti kuzadza hofisi paruzhinji. Zvisinei, kuedza ake ose havana kubudirira. Zvaive munguva zvidzidzo zvake Guangzhou, akasangana nepfungwa dzechiKristu kuti vanoshingaira kupinda kunyika kuburikidza mumabasa mishoni European. Hun Syutsyuan akatanga kudzidza chitendero ausingazivi. Nechekare muna 1843 yaakasika sangano yechiKristu rinonzi "Society wababa kudenga."

Funga inokosha pfungwa dzidziso Hong Xiuquan.

1. It kwaibva pfungwa Mutsvene Trinity. Panguva iyoyowo Hun Syutsyuan pachake re sezvamunoita kwayo sezvo munun'una waJesu Kristu. Panyaya iyi, zvose zvinoitwa riri kubatwa somunhu "muupenyu waMwari."
2. Hong Xiuquan zvakare nyaya pfungwa kwevaKristu "umambo hwaMwari." It hwaienzanirana yekare Chinese yokuti "chete vanhu." Panyaya iyi, Taiping yakatsviriridza pfungwa vakaenzana uye Fraternity.
3. A maitiro chinoratidza Taiping dzematongerwe aiva antimanchuzhrskaya dzidziso. Mumharidzo yake, akati kuti Qing hwedzinza kuti richaparadzwa. Uyewo, Taiping akadana kuchaitwa muManchuria chaiko.
4. Vateveri Hong Xiuquan vaipikisa chiConfucian uye zvimwe zvitendero nzira, asi panguva imwe chete akakweretwa kwavari zvimwe pfungwa (somuenzaniso, pfungwa "somwanakomana vatsvene").
5. Chinangwa chikuru sangano - kwezvisikwa Taiping Tiangui (kuDenga kwazvo nokugara state).

Pakutanga yemuna uye periodization

Muzhizha 1850 vakatanga Tszintyanskoe chimurenga. Taiping vaiona zvinhu munyika akanakira rakazaruka Varwisei hurumende, iyo inotungamirirwa ari Qing hwedzinza. 10 zviuru. Vapanduki pfungwa munzvimbo yacho musha Tszintyan kumaodzanyemba Guangxi province.

January 11, 1850 akanga rinoziviswa pakutanga kumukirawo.

In padariro rokutanga hondo Taiping ndehwokuti anonyanya yokusunungura China. Qing (youmambo yaitonga pano kwemakore anopfuura 100) akanzi muvengi uye anofanira kuurawa.

Kazhinji, vaongorori vanobvuma kuti Taiping Vakamukira muna China kwaro kukura 4 matanho huru:

Danho 1 anofukidza 1850-1853 biennium. nguva ino iri kupenya kubudirira Taiping mauto. Muna September 1851 iye guta Yunan. Zviri pano kuti nheyo dzakaiswa of Taiping State.

Stage 2 - 1853-1856. Kutanga hutsva nguva hondo chinoratidza kubatwa nevapanduki muguta Nanjing. Panguva iyi, Taiping akatuma mukuru simba mukuwedzera ehurumende.

3 panguva murimi mudiki Hondo China kubvira 1856 kusvika 1860 Pakazosvika nguva kwayo rakaenderana Second chinodhaka War.

Stage 4 chinofukidza makore 1860-1864. Akanga kwakaratidzwa pachena nemauto kupindira nemasimba Western muna China uye Hong Xiuquan kuzviuraya.

The danho rokutanga hondo

Muna 1851, Taiping akatamira kuchamhembe Guangxi. Pano vakagara guta Yunan, apo akamisa hurumende yake.

Panotangira itsva mamiriro aiva Yan Syutsin. Akamuka pamusoro basa se "East Machinda" (sezvo agamuchira zita "mutauri waMwari") uye kusimbiswa mumaoko avo vaitarira nehondo utungamiri. Mukuwedzera, musoro wehurumende vachiri Taiping 3 Prince (West - Xiao Chaoguy, Northern - Wei Chanhuey uye South - Feng Yunshan) uye Assistant Shi Duck.

Muna December 1852 ari Taiping hondo vakatamira nomurwizi of the yangtze River, kumabvazuva munyika. Muna January 1853 vakakwanisa kutora sokuronga kukosha dunhu - Tri Wuhan, yaisanganisira maguta akadai Wuchang, Hanyang uye Hankou. Muchiuto Kubudirira ari Taiping mauto huvandudzike zvinobatsira Hong Xiuquan pfungwa pakati vomunzvimbo, saka mupanduki pamisara vanogara kukasawedzerwa. Pakazosvika 1853, nhamba vapanduki ava kupfuura 500 zviuru. Man.

Mushure kubatwa of Tricity Wuhan wakazara vapanduki hondo vakatamira munyika Anhui mudunhu uye akatora maguta ayo anokosha.

In March 1853 Taiping yaaigara rimwe remasangano maguta Chinese pamusoro Nanjing, iyo zvino yakava guta ravo mamiriro. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuguma wokutanga uye danho rechipiri racho murimi mudiki hondo.

Organization Taiping State

Murimi mudiki Hondo China yakatanga muna 1850, uye papera gore kumaodzanyemba nyika akasikwa Taiping State. Funga zvinodiwa zvinokosha sangano rayo zvizere.

• Sezvo 1853 renyika ndiro guta Nanjing.
• On the mudziyo Taiping Tiangui aiva umambo.
• Maererano hunhu - a esangano mamiriro (vapanduki vacho vakasimbirira yakazara kwemapazi chechi uye hurumende nemasangano).
• Unorema vemo vakanga vanhuwo zvavo. Dzavo zvinodiwa kazhinji kuitwa nehurumende.
• The aizviti musoro wehurumende anodavira Hun Syutsyuan, asi anenge ose simba rakanga mumaoko "Muchinda ari East" uye "Yokuzivisa Mwari" Yan Syutsina.

inokosha gwaro vanoda "Nyika System of Heavenly dzinza roumambo" yakabudiswa muna 1853. Kutaura zvazviri, iye akava remitemo Taiping richangobva kuumbwa hurumende. mutemo uyu rinotaura kwete chete okurima gwara framework, asiwo dzinokosha misimboti administrative nemamiriro nyika.

"Nyika System of dzinza roumambo Vekudenga" raisanganisira paramilitary sangano yemadzitateguru munharaunda. Saka, mumwe 25 murimi mudiki mhuri vakaumba yoga munharaunda. mumwe munhu aifanira muchiuto mhuri imwe neimwe.

Kubvira muzhizha 1850 muna Taiping ezvinhu akagadza hurongwa vanonzi "hwakavigwa mumakamuri matsvene." Ava, vapanduki nemhuri dzavo vakapiwa chikafu, mari uye mbatya. "Okuchengetera Sacred" kukasawedzerwa pamwe muhondo. Panguva iyoyowo, pachake rakarambidzwa Taiping State.

Idzva remitemo Taiping mamiriro Chokwadi, muchiroto vanhuwo zvavo pamusoro vakaenzana uye kubviswa munyika guru Holdings enyika Varidzi. Zvisinei, gwaro iri zvakanyorwa "bhuku" mutauro azivikanwa vakawanda vemo. Ndokusaka Constitution haana kuva hwaro chaihwo mutemo vatungamiri Taiping kupandukira.

Danho rechipiri hondo

Taiping kumukira ari kuwana simba idzva kubva 1853. Kutanga hutsva chokutambudzika hondo kwakaratidza kubatwa vapanduki makurusa Chinese guta Nanjing. Panguva iyi, Taiping akarwa nesimba kuwedzera miganhu yake yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa hurumende.

In May 1853 kwakasarudzwa kuti nokuparura Northern rwendo. Chinangwa chacho chikuru chaiva kubatwa zviri Beijing - guta guru China. The Northern rwendo akatumwa hondo mbiri. Muna June, izvozvo akabata akatadza kubatwa Huaytsiya. Uyezve Mauto ndanogara rwenyika Shanxi, uye ipapo - Zhili.

Muna October, kuti Taiping neuto Tianjin (rokupedzisira ravarwi pamugwagwa unoenda Beijing). Zvisinei, panguva ino vanhu vakanga vatsanangura simba. Uyezve, yakanyanya chando akauya. Taiping akasatendera chete kubva chando, asi kubva kusava zvokuyamura. Taiping hondo akarasikirwa masoja akawanda. Izvi zvose zvakaita kuti kukundwa vapanduki iri Northern rwendo. In February 1854 mauto vakasiya mudunhu Tianjin.

Kutaura zvazviri, zvose North uye West vakatanga mushandirapamwe pakati Taiping mauto. Rebel Mauto rinotungamirirwa Shi Duck. Chinangwa kwedanidziro iyi kwaiva kuwedzera miganhu yacho Taiping mamiriro kumadokero Nanjing uye kupambwa ndima itsva pakati kunosvika ose ari the yangtze River. Muna June, vapanduki akakwanisa kusimbazve vakarasika pamberi guta Anqing, uye gare gare - nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha. Winter 1855 Shi Dakaya hondo zvakare akakunda guta Tricity Wuhan.

Kazhinji, nzira dzokuMadokero kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru Taiping. Miganhu ehurumende yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa nechokumavirira guta guru Nanjing.

Matambudziko Taiping State

Pasinei vakawanda vanobudirira rutsigiro rwemauto, muna 1855, asi dambudziko rakatanga rekuUnited mamiriro, izvo akafukidza zvose zvinobatanidzwa vanhu. Taiping Kupandukira kufukidza navanopinda nzvimbo uye akasangana rutsigiro rukuru akakurumbira. Zvisinei, vatungamiriri vayo vakakundikana kuzadzisa dzakawanda zvirongwa zvayo, uye hurumende yaiva Constitution, panguva paro, a utopian.

Panguva iyi, nhamba machinda zvikurusa. Muna 1856, vakanga dzaenda 4 uye anopfuura 200. Uyewo, Taiping vatungamiriri akatanga kufamba kubva nyore kuvanhuwo zvavo. Pakazosvika pakati hondo pose kuenzana uye Fraternity, hapana akataura.

Crisis raparadza uye gadziriro hurumende. Kutaura zvazviri, Taiping vakaparadza yekare hurumende hurongwa uye kutsiva vakakundikana kuronga kuva hurongwa. Panguva ino yakawedzera kusawirirana pakati pevatongi. The apogee uyu aiva nechisimba. Pausiku September 2, 1860 Yan Syutsin nemhuri yake vakaurayiwa. Iye hwapararira nyika sefungu kutyisa. Akaparadza kwete chete vatsigiri Yan Syutsina nevamwe Vanir (Shi Dakaya). A kubvuta masimba September 2, 1860 yaiva pakachinja munhoroondo Hondo Varimi 'uye chakaratidza kutanga kwayo rechitatu kutotanga.

Second chinodhaka War

Kutanga rechitatu pavaipfuura hondo kuzorwa Taiping Manchurian hwedzinza kwakaratidza Second chinodhaka War. Taiping Vakamukira panguva ino vakanga varasikirwa simba raro, uye itsva wehurumende akamanikidzwa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu emauto kurwisa munyika dzokuMadokero.

Chikonzero yatanga ruvengo kusungwa ari "Arrow" mudziyo British mu China.

Muna 1857, kuti mubatanidzwa mauto Anglo-French inogarwa Guangzhou. Kwapera gore, vakagara Tianjin - a sokuronga inokosha, riri kumucheto Beijing.

Tianjin runyararo chibvumirano chakanga yakasainwa muna 1858. Qing hwedzinza akamanikidzwa bvuma. Zvisinei, asati ratification rugare chibvumirano Kesari pakati China akazivisa kuti kuenderera hondo.

Muna August 1860, ari Anglo-French mauto reoccupied Tianjin. Hondo inokosha kwakaitika musi waSeptember 21 pa Baliqiao Bridge (mu Tongzhou muruwa). Varwi Chinese vakakundwa. Muna October 1860, vakuru aibatanidza mauto Anglo-French akauya Beijing. The Chinese hurumende akamanikidzwa kutanga Nhaurirano.

Beijing Convention akanga wakasainwa musi 25 October 1860. Huru Zvakawanikwa vaiva zvinotevera zvokudya:

1. Britain uye France akagamuchira oga kodzero kumisa nevamiririri venyika yavo Beijing.
2. China yakavhurwa kune dzimwe dzaishandiswa zvengarava itsva 5.
3. Vatorwa (vatengesi uye vamiriri) vakapiwa kodzero kufamba zvakasununguka munyika.
4. Tianjin akanzi guta rakashama.

Danho wechina uye kuvakwa kwazvakarerekera

Taiping Vakamukira muna 1860-1864 gg. Zvave zvakadaro simba. Mukuwedzera, itsva mamiriro akamanikidzwa aende achibva vanoshingaira hondo pakuzvimirira. Nguva yechina murimi mudiki Hondo China kunoratidzwa yezwi iri US, Britain uye France kuvhura mauto kupindira munyika.

Mukutanga 60-ies., Pasinei kwakaderera vehondo, Taiping vakakwanisa kuhwina zvinoverengeka mikuru kukunda. Mauto achitungamirirwa Lee Syuchena akaenda Maritime Kumapurovhinzi. Pano vakakwanisa kukunda kukuru zvengarava - Huangzhou guta uye dzimwe nzvimbo Zhejiang uye Jiangsu. Uyewo, Taiping akaita danidziro vaviri Shanghai. Zvisinei, guta havana kubudirira.

Muna 1861 iye yakatanga inogumbura pakaunda-echimurenga mauto.

Panguva iyoyowo, England, France, uye United States vakatamira pachena kupindira pamusoro Taiping. Muna 1863, nechokuchamhembe pemhenderekedzo the yangtze River aidzorwa of Qing dzinza. Taiping vakanga zvakamanikidzwa kusiya zvose Maritime Kumapurovhinzi.

Muna 1864, ivo Manchurian mapoka Nanjing wakakomberedzwa nokutsigirwa mauto Western. Somugumisiro, izvozvo vakaparadza vanopfuura zviuru 100. Taiping. The guta vakatanga nzara huru.

Hun Syutsyuan aiziva netariro ezvinhu uye vakazviuraya. Pashure porufu rwake, utungamiriri pamusoro kudzivirira Nanking rakatorwa pamusoro ne Lee Syuchena. Muna July 1864 Imperial mauto rakavhuvhuta masvingo eguta uye yaaigara guta guru Taiping Tiangui. Ita Syuchenu neboka duku akakwanisa kusiya Nanjing. Zvisinei, mushure akabatwa uye akaurayiwa.

Saka, muna 1864 ari Taiping War apera. Mauto avo chikuru zvakaparadzwa, uye akaurayiwa vatungamiri kumukirawo. Okupedzisira muhomwe kurwisa kune youmambo mauto vakadzvinyirirwa 1868.

Zvakabuda uye Migumisiro Hondo Varimi '

For Qing hwedzinza Taiping Kupandukira aiva chakakomba kuvhunduka. It akashora nheyo feudal ino uye upfumi. maguta akaparadzwa uye makuru zvengarava, kumukirawo zvakakonzera kuparadzwa hombe pakati Chinese vemo.

Taiping Tiangui aiva mukuru evanhu kuedza, umo murimi mudiki makore vaibatanidzwa.

Murimi mudiki War vaivawo chinokosha kwakabatsira mamiriro ezvinhu Qing dzinza. nzvimbo yayo munyika chakazunguzirwa uye vakanga varasikirwa kutsigirwa vemo. Kudzvinyirira mukanyiwa okutsutsumwa mutongo vepamusoro akamanikidzwa kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva huru Varidzi. Izvi zvakakonzera nokusimbaradza nzvimbo Varidzi. Somugumisiro, dzinza Han (Chinese) vava zvakawanda uye zvakawanda kumhanya nyika, uye uwandu Manchur yakaderera mamiriro midziyo. Mugore 60-ies. muna China pane nokusimbaradza emunharaunda groupings. Asiwo inotungamirira kwakaderera nezvenzvimbo chehurumende.

Mukuwedzera, pakati pezana XIX remakore munhoroondo China aizivikanwa vanoverengeka nevamwe yokumukira zvikuru.

hondo kupfuura makore 18 yakatora iMiao munzvimbo Guizhou. Muna 1862 akatanga chikuru kumukira Dungan vanhu, kuti akaparadza mudunhu Shaanxi uye Gansu. Muna 1855, munyika Yunnan mudunhu hondo Anti-hurumende yakagundika. Kubatanidzwa zvakatora Hui vanozviti Islam. yokumukira zvose izvi akava chinokosha kukanganisa dalyneshee pave China uye ukama dzaro munyika dzokuMadokero.