The Mhando chikuru magasi

Nature anoziva inoti matatu chikuru chipi nyaya: zvikukutu, mvura uye gaseous. Chero mvura angawana nechimwe yasara maviri. nezvishoma dzakawanda utsotso, kwemvura kana combustion mhepo anogona muzadze mukati. Asi kwete gasi ose angava chezvinonhuwira hwakasimba zvinhu kana mvura mvura. Kune marudzi akasiyana magasi, izvo zvakasiyana ehupfumi dzavo, mavambo uye zvechadenga chikumbiro.

Definition uye zvivako

Gas - a venhumbi kunoratidzwa asipo kana shoma kukosha intermolecular zvisungo, uyewo basa mufambo yacho inoramba. Basic ehupfumi, vane mhando dzose magasi:

1. Fluidity, deformability, volatility, chido maximize bhuku maitiro kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru kusiyira kana kuchimuka tembiricha iyo kunooneka kuchinja kukuru kufamba kwavo.
2. Ikoko, pane imwe tembiricha pasi iyo kufurirwa kuwedzera hahubvi ari yezwi mvura mamiriro.
3. Nyore compressed, akaderedza bhuku. Izvi nyore kukurukurwa uye kushandiswa.
4. Most liquefied ne compression mukati vamwe miganhu dzvinyiriro nokupisa akaoma tsika.

By tsvakurudzo inaccessibility akatsanangura kushandisa izvi zvinokosha parameters: tembiricha, kumanikidzwa, vhoriyamu uye matadza guru.

Kupatsanura pakati dhipoziti

In zvepanyama ezvinhu zvose siyana magasi mudenga, pasi uye mvura.

1. Remubatanidzwa mhepo: okisijeni, senitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, senitrogen monoxide pamwe nouipi neon, krypton, rehydrogen, methane.
2. Muna goko senitrogen, sehydrogen, methane nezvimwe Mahydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, sarufa oxide uye vamwe vari gaseous kana mvura mamiriro. Uyewo, pane gasi deposits ari hwakasimba chakapatsanurwa mu admixture pamwe akaturikidzana mvura pa zvinetso vanenge 250 ATM. pachidiwa yakaderera tembiricha (20 ° C).
3. The madziva ane soluble magasi - rehydrogen chloride, amoniya uye havaratidzi soluble - okisijeni, senitrogen, rehydrogen, carbon dioxide and unto.

Zviwanikwa kure akapfuudza zvaibvira nhamba artificially zvakasikwa.

Kupatsanura ne flammability

Mhando dzose magasi, zvichienderana maitiro ose kuvesa uye combustion pezvakaitwa vari rakakamurwa oxidizing, inert, uye zvinobata moto.

1. Oxidants uye inobatsira kuti moto retardant, asi havazivi kupisa: mhepo, okisijeni, fluorine, kuiisa chlorine, senitrogen monoxide uye dioxide.
2. Zvisinei, Inert havabatanidzwi combustion, vanowanzoona bvikinyidza okisijeni uye kuchinja pasi kuchinyanya rutapudzo muitiro: nehelium, neon, xenon, senitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Combustible chiedza kana putika pamwe okisijeni: methane, amoniya, rehydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Vazhinji vavo vanoonekwa nomoto chete mune zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro gasi nezvakasanganiswa. Nokuda ichi pfuma, gasi - mafuta mhando, vakawanda nhasi. Izvi unoshandiswa sezvo methane, propane, butane.

Carbon dioxide chacho basa

Zviri imwe inonyanya gasi mumhepo (0.04%). Under kwomuzvarirwo tembiricha uye mumhepo kuitiswa ane arambe achirema pamusoro 1,98 makirogiramu / m ^3. Inogona kuve hwakasimba kana mvura mamiriro. Solid danho ndepana yakaderera dziine kupisa uye kugara mumhepo kumanikidzwa, rinonzi "chando pakaoma". The mvura danho CO ₂ kunobvira kana kumanikidzwa inowedzerawo. pfuma iyi inoshandiswa kuchengetwa, chokufambisa uye kushandisa rikurumidze. Sublimation (yezwi gaseous ezvinhu yakasimba, asina zvenguva mvura kutotanga) zvinogoneka pa -77 - -79˚S. Solubility mumvura panguva nhamba 1: 1 chaitwa panguva t = 14-16˚S.

Mhando carbon dioxide inobvisa dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana mavambo:

1. Products zvinomera nemhuka tsvina, kuputika anobuda, gasi zvinoyerera kubva pasi, mitumbi mvura kwemvura pachiso.
2. Zvakabuda mabasa evanhu, kusanganisira choutsi kubva combustion pamusoro rinochiwedzera.

Somunhu chinobatsira fuma rinoshandiswa:

1. The carbon dioxide inobvisa moto chokudzimisa.
2. The sepombi nokuti chinhu chakakombama Welding mune rakakodzera unosvikirwa imwe CO _2.
3. In zvokudya indasitiri sezvo zvisaora uye nokuda aerating mvura.
4. Sezvo refrigerant kwenguva pfupi kutonhora.
5. In makemikari indasitiri.
6. In simbi.

Kuva chinokosha chezvinonhuwira upenyu nyika, munhu achishanda michina uye rose miti, carbon dioxide kuti rinoungana panzvimbo dzapasi uye okumusoro akaturikidzana zvomumhepo, kunonoka kusunungurwa kupisa uye kutanga "girinihausi maturo".

Liquefied gasi chacho basa

Pakati zvinhu dzinongoitika mavambo uye kuenda kwacho ari oga zvokuti mukuru mwero combustibility uye calorific ukoshi. Nokuti kuchengetwa, zvokufambisa uye kushandiswa, zvinotevera mhando liquefied gasi: methane, propane, butane, uye propane-butane nezvakasanganiswa.

Butane (C ₄ H _10), uye propane muri zvinoumba epetroleum magasi. Chokutanga liquefied pa -1 - -0,5˚S. Handling uye kushanda kuchitonhora yakaisvonaka butane haina kuitwa nokuda kwayo oma. Liquefaction tembiricha kuti propane (C ₃ H ₈₎ -41 - -42˚S, kutsoropodza kumanikidzwa - 4,27 MPa.

Methane (CH _4), - huru chezvinonhuwira negasi. Types gasi mabviro - mafuta deposits, zvibereko biogenic kwendangariro. Liquefaction kunoitika Via compression danho uye kuderedza kupisa kusvika -160 - -161˚S. Padanho rimwe nerimwe zvinonzi compressed ne 5-10 nguva.

Liquefaction rinoitwa kunyatsonzwisisa zvirimwa. Rakapa propane, butane, kana muvhenganiswa ayo mhuri uye mumaindasitiri kushandisa yoga. Methane inoshandiswa bhizimisi uye somunhu huni chokufambisa. The yokupedzisira zvinogonawo kubudiswa mune compressed chimiro.

Compressed gasi chacho basa

Mumakore achangopfuura, zvinobatsira yakatengwa compressed negasi. Kana propane uye butane inoshandiswa chete liquefaction, kuti methane inogona kugadzirwa nenzira liquefied uye compressed. Yomumabhodhoro gasi pasi yakakwirira kumanikidzwa 20 MPa ane wandei zvakwakanakira pamusoro inonyatsozivikanwa liquified.

1. Yakakwirira mwero kwemvura, kusanganisira yakaderera mhepo kutonhora, hapana kuunganidza kunaka mananara.
2. A repasi pamwero toxicity.
3. Complete combustion, mukuru kushanda, hapana kunambwa midziyo uye mhepo.

Zvinonzi kuramba kushandiswa kwete chete nokuda mumarori asiwo mutakurwi motokari uyewo bhaira michina.

Gas - unobtrusive asi chinokosha kwazvo upenyu hwevanhu. High calorific ukoshi zvimwe anoruramisa akasiyana kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoumba negasi sechinhu huni maindasitiri uye chokufambisa.