The International Space Station (ISS)

The International Space Station - mugumisiro kwemajoini basa vanachiremba vanoverengeka nzvimbo gumi nyika zvenyika (Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, mukuru States of European Community). An chinzvimbo chirongwa kuti muna 2013, yakati kutanga namashanu gore ayo Implementation, rinosanganisa zvose nokubudirira unyanzvi pfungwa aripo. Chaizvo chikamu zvinhu zviri pedyo uye muchadenga, uye dzimwe mananara yenyika uye pezvakaitwa masayendisiti inopa chete International Space Station. ISS, zvisinei, haana kuvakwa muzuva rimwe, yakanga pashure pakusika angasvika nhoroondo muchadenga ubanguranyika-gore matatu.

Matangiro Ayakaita

The vamutangira of ISS vakanga orbiting yemapurisa. Zvazvisingarambiki ukuru pakusika kwavo vakabata wevanamakanika Soviet uye mainjiniya. Basa iri "Diamond" chirongwa akatanga mukupera 1964. Masayendisiti zvakashanda pamusoro aigarira nzvimbo chiteshi, izvo zvinogona kunge 2-3 asitironati. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti "Diamond" kuchapedza kwemakore maviri uye panguva iyoyo richashandiswa tsvakurudzo. Pasi chirongwa, chikuru chikamu zvakaoma yakanga Ops - aigarira orbital yemapurisa. It chaimbova basa rokufambira rikarira nhengo, uyewo mhuri mupanda. Ops akanga akashongedzerwa maviri madhoo EVAs uye tiite kuti pasi chaiyo capsules mashoko uye pokusvika pusa raiva pedyo nebundu.

The kunyatsoshanda hwomuti dzinongoita pakutsvaga simba rayo reserves. "Almaz" Developers vakawana nzira vawande navo. Chokuendesa muchadenga kunoongorora uye cargoes siyana kuchiteshi mubasa chokufambisa logistics ngarava (TCS). Vari, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, vave vakagadzirira pamwe chinoshingaira pokusvika ezvinhu, simba simba tsime, chakanakisisa inofamba kudzora hurongwa. TCR aikwanisa-refu nguva simba wedzerai chiteshi, uyewo kutarisira yose kunzwisisa. All tevera zvakafanana zvirongwa, kusanganisira International Space Station, chakaitwa kushandisa nzira chete kuponesa Ops kupfuma.

tanga

Kukwikwidzana nevanhu United States akamanikidzira masayendisiti Soviet uye mainjiniya kushanda nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, saka mumwe nzvimbo chiteshi yakatangwa pfupi napo nguva - "Ndikwazisirei". Iye akatorwa muchadenga muna April 1971. Hwaro chechitima chiri kunzi kushanda mupanda dzine sepombi mbiri, zviduku. Inside duku iri rakafara riri kudzorwa pfungwa yaiva, mibhedha uye kutandara nzvimbo, kuchengetwa, uye kudya. The humburumbira hombe - a dzigare mairi zvokushandisa yesayenzi, kurovedza muviri zvokushandisa, pasina iro haikwanise kuita chero ndege kwakadaro, uye ipapo yaiva kugeza uye kure navamwe mukamuri chimbuzi.

Mumwe anotevedzana "Salut" chinhu chakasiyana yapfuura mumwe: vakagadzirira pamwe ichangobva zvokushandisa, vane magadzirirwo zvinhu izvo hwaienzanirana kutanga zvemichina uye ruzivo panguva. Izvi orbital chiteshi kwakaratidza kutanga kwenguva itsva kutsvakurudza nzvimbo uye yenyika kwendangariro. "Ndikwazisirei" vaiva hwaro pamusoro zvakanga kuitwa vakawanda zvidzidzo muminda zvokurapa, wefizikisi, bhizimisi uye kurima. Zvakaoma kuona zvakaitika kushandisa nzvimbo yemapurisa, iro rave zvinobudirira rakaiswa mukushanda rinotevera aigarira.

"The World"

Long aiva muitiro kuunganidza ruzivo uye ruzivo, izvo zvakazoita kuti dzakawanda nzvimbo chechitima. "The World" - mumwe modular piloted kunzwisisa - danho rake. It kwakaedzwa vanonzi musimboti rakasikwa chidhina chiteshi kana kwechinguva chikuru chikamu riri achipindira kumusoro kwayo hwokugadzira uye kutsvakurudza vanokwanisa nokuda kubatanidzwa nomumwe pamusoro modules matsva. Ake pashure "kwereta" International Space Station. "Rugare" rava muenzaniso hwokugadzira uye ouinjiniya neunyanzvi nyika yedu uye chaizvoizvo akapa naye kutungamirira basa yasikwa ISS.

Basa iri rokuvaka ravarwi rakatanga muna 1979 uye kupinda muchadenga, akanga atora February 20, 1986-ndipo. Munguva yose nguva kuvapo "World" pariri kuitwa ongororo siyana. The zvakafanira midziyo wanunurwa sezvo chikamu okuwedzera modules. Station "Mir" akabvumira masayendisiti, mainjiniya uye vanotsvakurudza kuwana zvikuru ruzivo mukushandisa ane chitundumusere-musere pamwero wakadaro. Uyezve, yakava nzvimbo dzakawanda pamwe murunyararo: muna 1992 pakati Russia uye US dzakasaina chibvumirano pane pamwe muchadenga. Akaziva chaizvoizvo akatanga muna 1995, apo yemapurisa "Mir" akaisa kubva American "Shuttle".

The kuvakwa kutiza

"Mir" chiteshi akava nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana zveBhaibheri. Paiva vakaongorora, yakanatswa uye akazaruka Data muminda zvipenyu uye zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, nzvimbo michina uye mishonga, geophysics uye hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu.

Kuvapo Its ravarwi rakapera muna 2001. Chikonzero chisarudzo kuzonyudza zvakanga kukura simba zvinhu, uyewo mamwe tsaona. Tinoisa mberi yakasiyana shanduro chinhu ruponeso, asi havana vakagamuchirwa, uye muna March 2001 ravarwi "Mir" akabhabhatidzwa mumvura yakasvibirira yePacific Ocean.

International Space Station: munhu regadziriro Danho

Pfungwa pakusikwa ISS akazviratidza panguva apo pfungwa chokusatongofashamidzazve "World" asi hapana akanga kumboitika. Zvisina kunanga mhaka chechitima yazova enyika uye zvoupfumi kuGreece munyika yedu uye zvoupfumi matambudziko muUnited States. Both nyika vanoziva kutadza kwavo kutsungirira basa pakusika nenzvimbo chiteshi. Mukutanga nineties zvakanzi akasaina pamwe chibvumirano, mumwe pfungwa ndiye International Space Station. ISS sechirongwa kuti ibatane kwete chete Russia uye United States, asi, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, nyika gumi. Panguva imwe chete kufarirwa chirongwa vechikamu wakaitwa ISS chiteshi panofanira maviri Integrated zviyero, kuti US uye Russia, uye vashandi vari muchadenga modular nenzira rineringanidzo "nyika."

"Dawn"

First International Space Station akatanga kuvapo kwayo muchadenga muna 1998. November 20 panguva Functional Cargo Block wokuRussia kugadzirwa kwakatangwa nokushandisa "Purotoni" chitundumuseremusere "Dawn". Aiva chidimbu kubva ISS rokutanga. Zvayakaita, zvakanga zvakafanana ne "World" mamwe chechitima modules. Sezvineiwo, American divi zvinganaka kuvaka ISS ari muchadenga zvakananga, uye chete chiitiko Russian navo, uye muenzaniso "World" kurerekera navo kune modular nzira.

Mukati "Dawn" iri vakapakata siyana namano uye zvokushandisa, kutsigira upenyu hurongwa, pokusvika, simba, kuzvidzora. Anoyevedza nhindi zvokushandisa, kusanganisira mafuta dzehondo, radiators, makamera uye rezuva ukomba anoiswa pamusoro kunze module. All panze zvinoriumba vanodzivirirwa meteorites anokosha sefa.

module ne module

December 5, 1998 kusvika "Dawn" akaenda chomuruki "Yokuita" pamwe American pokusvika module "Kubatana". Mazuva maviri gare gare, "Kubatana" akanga yacho kuna "Dawn". Next International Space Station "awana munhu" basa module "Zvezda", riri mubasa gadzira kuRussia. "Nyeredzi" yaiva upgraded chawo chikwata chiteshi "Mir". The pokusvika of module idzva kwakaitika July 26, 2000. Kubvira musi "Star" akatora pamusoro kurapa ISS, uyewo zvose upenyu-rutsigiro mugadziriro, akaita zvikwanisike zvachose mutsigiro muchadenga kunoongorora pamusoro yemapurisa chikwata.

Kuchinja kuti aigarira muoti

The vashandi of International Space Station yokutanga akatorwa "Soyuz TM-31" November 2, 2000. Inoitwa W. Shepherd - mukuru rwendo, Yu Gidzenko - mutyairi, S. Krikalev - Flight injiniya. Kubvira vakatanga mutsva chokutambudzika chirimwa kushanda: nayo akapfuura aigarira nzira.

Murwiyo rechipiri rwendo Yuri Usachev, Dzheyms Voss uye Susan Helms. Akachinja vashandi wake wokutanga pakutanga March 2001.

Kudzidza nzvimbo uye yenyika mananara

The International Space Station - munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kwesainzi. Dambudziko iri vashandi neimwe kusanganisira ungano imwe yepasi pose pezvakaitwa umboo kudzidza ehupfumi zvimwe zvinhu zviri hauremi ezvinhu, uye zvichingodaro. zvidzidzo Scientific, inoitiswa pamusoro ISS inogona kumiririrwa mu chimiro generalized pasi:

• vachiongorora-siyana kure chinhu nzvimbo;
• nokudzidza kubva murima nyaya, yepasi pose mwaranzi;
• Pasi pakuongorora, kusanganisira kudzidza mumhepo mananara;
• kudzidza zviri mumuviri zvoutachiona pezvakaitwa ari mamiriro ezvinhu weightlessness;
• kuidzwa zvinhu zvitsva uye ruzivo mune noruvazhe;
• zvokurapa tsvakurudzo, kusanganisira kusikwa mishonga mitsva, vachimuidza chirwere dzokubvisa mumamiriro ezvinhu ose weightlessness;
• kugadzirwa semiconductor zvinhu.

remangwana

Kufanana chero zvimwe zvinhu pachena kuti zvikuru mupfungwa uye saka kuzviita anodzvinyirirwa, ISS achaita pakupedzisira kurega kushanda panguva inodiwa chechetere. Pakutanga zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti kwayo "upenyu pasherefu" kuvakwa muna 2016, ndiro chiteshi akapiwa makore 15 chete okuberekwa. Zvisinei, kare muna mwedzi huchishanda rokutanga akanzwikwa mazano kuti wava ichi mashoma understated. Today akaratidza tariro yokuti International Space Station vachamhanya kusvikira 2020. Zvadaro, zvichida, izvozvo vachatambura zvinoitirwa sezvo yemapurisa "Mir": ISS mafashamo mvura Pacific Ocean.

Nhasi, ari International Space Station, uko kunomiririrwa ari Photo bepa, nokubudirira achiri yodzoka mu pairi ichitenderera redu. Nguva nenguva, vezvenhau anogona kuwanikwa panotaurwa pakutsvakurudza itsva kuitwa pamusoro-bhodhi chechitima. ISS ndiye chete chinhu nzvimbo Tourism: chete pakupera 2012 zvakanzi ashanyirwa sere muchadenga kunoongorora iyi. Zvinogona vakafunga kuti yakafanana mhando yevaraidzo zvichaita chete awane tichimhanya sezvo Nyika kubva Space - rudzi zvinonakidza. Uye hapana mufananidzo hazvigoni kuenzaniswa kukwanisa kufungisisa runako kwakadaro kubva hwindo International Space Station.