The Budiriro wokutanga paNyika

Pakutanga kwezana vanhu kumaodzanyemba Mesopotamia, riri dzekare inonzi Babylonia, anogara ari Budiriro wokutanga chaizvo Panyika. Zvino ndiwo nharaunda vemazuva Iraq, iro pakugadzwa Baghdad kusvika kuPersian Gulf, imwe nzvimbo dzinokwana zviuru 26 sq. M. ? km.

Nzvimbo ine yakaoma chaizvo uye inopisa pamwe zvipiriso uye weathered, nizkoplodorodnymi nevhu. River nebani, asina mabwe zvicherwa, marshes, akafukidza netsanga, kwakakwana kusavapo huni - dzakadaro nyika makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu akapfuura. Asi vanhu vagere ichi nzvimbo uye anozivikanwa munyika yose sevaSumer, akapiwa rusununguko ane mutsindo uye enterprising nemafungiro, imwe pfungwa zvinoshamisa. Akashandura nebani noupenyu mugomba vachiita mubindu uye akasika chii gare gare aizonzi kwete chete se "wokutanga budiriro Panyika."

Mabviro sevaSumer

Mashoko akavimbika pamusoro pemavambo sevaSumer ikoko. Kusvikira ikozvino, masayendisiti-kare uye archeologists zvakaoma kutaura kana vakanga yepakutanga vagari Mesopotamia, kana akasvika kunyika ino kubva kunze. Musimboti chechipiri inokurukurwawo sendarama fungidzira. Zvichipomerwa vamiririri kare yakabudirira akabva Mountains neZagros, ari Iranian rakaorera , kana kunyange India. SevaSumer pachavo pamusoro dzakavapo haana kunyora chinhu. Muna 1964 akanga kutanga pfungwa kufunga nyaya iyi akasiyana zvinhu: mitauro, rwedzinza, kwemadzinza. Pashure paizvozvo, kutsvaka chokwadi pakupedzisira mukusanzwisisa zvemutauro kuwana nemagene Links Sumerian, maererano Parizvino voga.

SevaSumer, iyo yakavambwa wokutanga kwebudiriro munyika, pachavo saka haana kunzi. Kutaura zvazviri, shoko iri rinoreva kundima, zasi Mesopotamia, mumutauro weAkkadian. SevaSumer pachavo akadana se "blackheads".

Mutauro sevaSumer

Nyanzvi dzemitauro rinotsanangura mutauro Sumerian sezvo agglutinative. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti paumbwe siyana uye nomukaka zviri nokuwedzera inonzwisisika affixes. mutauro Sumerian painyanya kuitwa zvinhu zvakadai sekuimba monosyllabic mashoko, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti vangani maiva - inzwi chete, asi zvakasiyana nezvaanoreva. In zvinyorwa yekare, maererano vasayendisiti, pane vanenge zviuru zvitatu. Muchiitiko ichi vanopfuura 100 mashoko rinoshandiswa nguva 1-2 chete, uye zvinowanzoshandiswa of 23.

Sezvambotaurwa, mumwe mukuru zviri mutauro - rukuru homonyms. Ungangove, paiva mupfumi hurongwa pasi uye laryngeal ruzha, iri nyore kuverenga chati mahwendefa evhu. Mukuwedzera, Budiriro wokutanga Pasi aiva tumitauro maviri. mutauro chaiko (eme-gir) rave richishandiswa rinonyanya, uye vapristi vakati chakavanzika remutauro (eme-Sal), nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru avo uye zvichida asina matauriro.

Sumerian aiva murevereri uye rakashandiswa panyika yose kumaodzanyemba Mesopotamia. Naizvozvo, hakusi hazvo mutakuri iri ethnically mumiririri iyi yekare vanhu.

kunyora

Pokugadzwa munhu Sumerian kunyora anoramba nharo. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti vane nayo vakakwana uye kuva ecuneiform. Vakanga chaizvo unyanzvi kunyora uye anosanganisira chitarisiko chake pakutanga kwezvisikwa yebudiriro dzavo. Kunenge kuti panguva mambakwedza nezvenhoroondo kunyora haisi ivhu kushandiswa, uye zvimwe vakaparadza nyore zvinhu,. Saka, zvakawanda inorasika.

The Budiriro wokutanga panyika Kristu asati, kusasarura, akasika yayo hurongwa kunyora. The anga refu uye zvakaoma. Ancient Artists vanoratidzwa nemhara - unyanzvi kana shoko? Kana akazviita padombo, munzvimbo dzakawanda mhuka, zvichava shoko zvizere nokuda mamwe masoja ake. Panoti: "Kune zvakawanda nemhara", uye naizvozvo uchava kundovhima zvakanaka. Message aigona zvakanaka zvinosanganisira zvimwe vanodhirowa. Somuenzaniso, zvinokosha achiwedzera shumba, uye kare rinonyevera kuti: ". Pane zvakawanda nemhara, asi pane ngozi" danho iri kare anonzi danho rokutanga kune pakusika kunyora. Zvishoma nezvishoma kushandurwa dzemitambo, huve nyore uye akatanga kupfeka schematic hunhu. Mumufananidzo unogona kuona kuti kuchinja uku kwakaitika. Vanhu vakaona kuti zviri nyore kuita ivhu pazvidhindo nomudonzvo rutanda, kwete kuzochera. Ndakura vakagumisa zvose.

SevaSumer vekare - wokutanga ibudirire panyika, iyo akawana kunyora kwavo. Ecuneiform yaiva mazana mashomanana vatambi, chinonyanya kushandiswa aiva 300. Vakawanda vavo vakanga fananei tsika. Ecuneiform inoshandiswa muMesopotamiya anenge 3000 apfuura.

dzechitendero vanhu

Basa vanamwari Sumerian anogona kuenzaniswa Assembly, musoro wakanga mukuru "mambo". musangano kwakadaro yakakamurwa mberi mumapoka. The chikuru kwavari Unonzi "Gods Great", uye raiva 50 vanamwari. Ndiko, maererano inofananidza sevaSumer, kutarisira zvaitika vanhu.

Maererano mungano yekare vanhu, munhu akasikwa nevhu, hwakakanyiwa neropa vanamwari. The zvakasikwa Kunoumbwa nyika mbiri (okumusoro) vakaparadzana nevanhu munyika. Zvinofadza kuti mumazuva iwayo kwakanga Sumerian ngano peBoporodzi. Mukuwedzera, tisati takanzwa detembo rinotaura pamusoro pakusikwa kwenyika, munhu Zvikamu izvo chaizvo chaizvo piringisha pamwe huru yokunamatira dzechiKristu - Bhaibheri. Somuenzaniso, maitikiro, kunyanya, pakusikwa kwomunhu pazuva rechitanhatu. Aidzidza vaitirane nharo nezvechitendero yakadaro Link chechihedheni uye chiKristu.

tsika nemagariro

The Sumerian tsika chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza uye vakagwinya pakati mamwe marudzi vakanga vagere Mesopotamia. By chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC , yakasvika Parainge. Vanhu vakararama panguva Copper Age, ari kushanda mombe ruminant uye zvokurima, Fisheries. Zvishoma nezvishoma ne zvokurima chete Crafts: zvehari yakatanga, vachikanda, kugadzira uye ibwe okurwadzisa indasitiri.

The maitiro zviri mavakirwo ndiwo: kuvaka zvivako pamusoro hazvizivi murwi, kuparadzira akapoteredza ruvazhe namakamuri, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu rusvingo pamwe kutwasuka niches uye pakatanga ruvara. Vaviri kupfuura unoshamisa Zvivako zviri akakura kuvakwa 4 zviuru. BC. e. - temberi muna Uruk.

Vanochera matongo vakawana yakawanda mabasa ounyanzvi: zvivezwa, zvifananidzo zvasara ibwe masvingo, nemidziyo, simbi zvigadzirwa. Vose vari yakaitwa nounyanzvi kukuru. Kuti pane ngowani huru yendarama (ona mufananidzo)! Chimwe chinofadza zvikuru zvakagadzirwa pakati sevaSumer - the anodhinda. Ivo unoratidza vanhu, mhuka, mifananidzo kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Early Dynastic kumwedzi: Stage 1

Izvi kana ecuneiform chaiyo yakanga hwakatogadzwa, - 2750-2600 makore BC. e. Nguva iyi kunoratidzwa kuvapo vakawanda guta-rinoti, nzvimbo yaiva hombe temberi zvakanaka. Kunze ikoko bolshesemeynye munharaunda. Huru basa rinobatsira kuti vateye inonzi vatengi temberi vanga kunyimwa kodzero muridzi. Pakanga atova yezvokunamata uye enyika noutungamiriri kwenzanga - nevatungamiriri vemauto uye vapristi uye, naizvozvovo, avo boka racho.

vanhu vekare aiva pfungwa zvinoshamisa uye imwe Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira tarenda. Mumazuva iwayo, vanhu vakasvika diridza pfungwa nokuongorora mukana wokutora uye kutungamirira uchiongorora madhaka mvura rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi. Huchiita kuti ivhu muminda uye minda makemikari, ivo vakawedzera yauinayo kwayo. Asi basa guru-pamwero vanozivikanwa zvinoda hombe vechibharo. The Budiriro wokutanga panyika aiziva muuranda, uyezve, zvakanga zviri pamutemo.

It anozivikanwa kuvapo 14 maguta Sumerian panguva iyi. Uyezve, kupfuura dzakasimukira uye ibudirire, uye dzeboka rakanga Nippur, kwaiva temberi yamwari mukuru - Enlil.

Early Dynastic kumwedzi: Stage 2

nguva ino (2600-2500 gg. BC. E.) kunoratidzwa kurwisana kwemauto. Century vakatanga kukundwa mubati weguta vaKishi, izvo anofungidzirwa akatungamirira nechisimba navaEramu - vagari yekare mamiriro munharaunda vemazuva Iran. In rwezasi, rechiuto mubatanidzwa vakauya pamwe nemaguta akawanda-nomes. Pane tsika centralize simba.

Early Dynastic kumwedzi: Stage 3

In wechitatu pavaipfuura Early Dynastic nguva, makore 500 pashure panguva yokutanga kwebudiriro munyika (maererano zvekungofungira matongo), kukura muguta-rinoti uye mutundu pane munzanga, kukura mumagariro kuzvipokanidza. On hwaro ichi, yakawedzera kutamburira simba vatongi polynomials. Kurwisana uto chikatsiviwa mumwe pakutsvaka hegemony pamusoro zvose muguta. Mune imwe drevneshumerskih epics chaiko shure 2600 BC. E., akati kwemapazi Sumer pasi pesimba rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira - mambo Uruk. dzakawanda hurumende yakakundwa namambo Akkad Pashure mumwe makore mazana maviri.

Umambo hweBhabhironi Kuwana simba woga Sumer kusvika pakati mumireniyamu yechipiri BC. e., sezvo mutauro Sumerian chakarasikirwa mamiriro ambotaurwa ataura. Zvisinei, kunyange ane chiuru mashoma makore akaramba Somunyori. Ndiwo anofungidzirwa nguva apo Sumerian budiriro vakaguma kuvapo sorudzi enyika coherent inotungamirwa.

Kakawanda unogona kuwana mashoko pamusoro kuti ngano Atlantis - ndiwo Budiriro wokutanga panyika. Atlanta, kugara mairi, ndivo madzitateguru evanhu ano. Zvisinei, vakawanda munyika masayendisiti rinodana chokwadi ichi hapana kupfuura nhema, yakanaka nyaya. Zvechokwadi, rimwe gore ruzivo pamusoro asinganzwisisiki kondinendi anowana mashoko matsva, asi izvozvo hazvina vavabatsire munhoroondo chokwadi kana matongo Zvakafukunurwa.

Panyaya iyi, yakawanda nenzwi mafungiro kuti budiriro wokutanga panyika dzakatangira remakore rechina BC, uye rakanga sevaSumer.