1918 munhoroondo Russia: zviitiko huru

Munhoroondo neimwe nyika, pane makore kuti inokurukurwa yakachinja shanduko epochs. Vari ne Kuzarurwa panguva inenge nhanho dzose zvoupenyu paruzhinji, rikwanise dambudziko, uye kazhinji kutanga ruvengo. Saka akatendeuka akabuda muna 1918 munhoroondo weRussia. On zvikuru hunhu ino nguva, zviitiko iyo ipapo zvinopindura pamusoro munharaunda yacho, uye avo kukosha zvizvarwa zvaizotevera, tinokurukura ikozvino.

Pausiku 1918

Tisati vanoshamba kupinda maelstrom kuti vicissitudes muna 1918, kunzwisisa zvizere udzamu uye chikonzero, zvakakodzera muchidimbu kurondedzera chii zviitiko yokutanga.

Chokutanga, unofanira kutaura kuti 1914-1918 gore munhoroondo Russia uye nyika - iri Nguva World War First. Kuti chiitiko ichi chaiva kwokutanga riwedzere zvose kuchinja zvakaitika nyika yedu, uyewo akawanda European inoti ari kumwedzi. Atanga kuora yokuRussia Empire haana kuvhomora chero muchiuto kana zveupfumi mazwi kwenguva kurwa. Chaizvoizvo, aigona kufanotaura migumisiro Russian-Japanese Hondo 1904-1905.

Romanov youmambo, raitonga makore anopfuura 300 okuberekwa, akatanga nokukurumidza kurasikirwa yaimbova simba rayo. Events konekwa chimurenga pakati 1905 vaiva harbingers dutu kuuya chete. Uye nokukurumidza iye yakagundika.

Pasina mubvunzo, rinonyatsooneka zviitiko run-up nguva vakanga inotsanangurwa February uye October nokumukirana muna 1917. Wokutanga vavo hwogumisa kuti autocracy pakati Romanovs uye wechipiri nheyo ive zvachose itsva hurumende muenzaniso inobva mazano, hapana saka kure vasina kushandiswa uchidzidzira.

Asi sei zvimwe itsva wehurumende aifanira kuratidza kutendeuka 1918 munhau yeRussia.

Nhambwe simba Soviet rokutanga

Pakarepo pashure kuuya nesimba, kuti Bolshevik Party yakatanga cheni rose zvinhu munyika.

January 26, 1918 akanga chirevo kuti azivise pakutanga pakarenda kuchinja. Chaizvoizvo Its kunoratidzwa kuchinja kubva Julian karenda raishandiswa neChechi yeOrthodox, uye kusvikira panguva iyoyo vaiona mukuru muna Russian Empire, kuti Gregorian chakaunzwa kushandiswa munyika dzakawanda munyika, zvikuru zvakananga mutariri isinganzwisisiki karenda. The nadzurudzo yakapera musi February 14, kana zviri pamutemo Soviet Russia yava kugara itsva karenda kukarukureta.

January 28, wakabudiswa chirevo Council Vanhu vaJehovha Commissars pakati paumbwe Workers 'uye Varimi' Red Army. Ndicho ichi chakaratidza kutanga ramangwana ukuru muchiuto Soviet Union.

February 2 chirevo chiziviso, inoganhura Chechi yeOrthodox kubva State. Kubva zvino kuitika zvose dzechitendero munyika yakanga pamutemo kuenzana kodzero, akanzi rusununguko rwehana uye chitendero.

Akurukure Germany

The zvepuraimari uye zvinokosha basa simba Soviet ndiyo nzira kubva First World War, izvo kare panguva iyoyo nokuda Russia, Chokwadi, akanga akarasika. Asi, chokwadi, pamusoro chero capitulation zvakakwana hazvina. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kugumisa sungano Central Powers, iyo panguva iyoyo Russia yakanga hondo, iri kupfuura akanaka ezvinhu kuti ekupedzisira zvinobvira muna kuitika akaoma.

Kukosha Nhaurirano idzi vakuru veSoviet rinoratidza kuti pakutanga zvakanga vakaisa zvakawanda December 22, 1917. Vakanga omei, nekuti hapana mapato aisada kuti zvichemo zvikuru.

Afungezve maonero ayo panyaya dzakawanda, nhume Soviet akaita resumption rehondo uye akabudirira chaizvo mberi German pamusoro Russian-German mberi. Zviitiko izvi spodvigli Bolsheviks kuti zvinokosha zvichemo.

The Brest-Litovsk runyararo chibvumirano

On March 3 1918, yakanga pakupedzisira asaina Brest-Litovsk makuhwa. Soviet Russia akabvuma kukosha miganhu nezvinhu, kusanganisira vaya vakapiwa, Ukraine, Belarus, kuBaltic States, Finland, imwe nhamba Caucasian kumatunhu. Uyezve, iye aisungirwa kubhadhara zvinokosha mari yakawanda iri muchimiro yokugadzirisa kuti masimba kukunda, kumisa mauto akavhiyiwa pamusoro pavo uye chaizvoizvo kuiparadza hondo.

Hurumende yeSoviet vaisagona kukundikana kunzwisisa kuti kusaina ichi yoga chibvumirano, icho anorasikirwa kunyange kurota tariro nokuda kuziva Mvumo of Entente kunyika, uye basa rakananga kunetsana navo. Asi pakanga pasina imwe nzira, saka kuti rugare Germany yaiva nyaya tipone.

Kutanga paumbwe White kufamba

Kubva pakutanga chaipo, takasvika simba, ivo Bolsheviks vaiva vazhinji vanondipikisa mukati Russia pacharo. The chikuru chinoumba inotungamirwa yavo vanonzi White kufamba. It adjoins kwete chete monarchists vepachokwadi, asi vatsigiri Republican ehurumende yokutevedzera, zvikuru democratic pane vaya vaigona kupa hurumende yeSoviet, uye vamwe vavengi pakati Bolsheviks.

Zvisinei, utungamiriri White sangano, mukusiyana kuti hurumende yeSoviet, izvo anofunga pacharo wepamutemo akatsiva wokuRussia Empire uye dikidiki Hurumende emauto akadzingwa mabasa panguva October Revolution. The kusaina of Brest-Litovsk vakaparadzana zvibvumirwano pamwe nenhume of Central Powers pave haulla facto kuziva vatungamiri White kwebasa Entente nyika sezvo chepamutemo hurumende Russia. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo vanyorwa nzvimbo vakanga vari pasina mhanya.

Volunteer mauto

Ngwizhingwi Bapiro White kufamba kwaiva nehondo akazvipira, akatanga kutora kuoneka sezvo mangwanani sezvo mugumo 1917 uchitungamirirwa rokutanga General Alekseeva M. V., uye ipapo - Kornilova L. G. apedzisira ungava musiki chaiyo payo. The yokupedzisira paumbwe Volunteer Army kwakapedzwa January 7, 1918.

Asi Kornilov akaurayiwa musi April 13 iroro munguva kusunungurwa Ekaterinodar kubva Bolsheviks. Utungamiriri Volunteer Army akatanga hapana zvishoma nesimba Anton Denikin.

Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza zvizere kudzika enyika dambudziko, akafukidza nyika. Kuziva inyaya vakauya muna 1918 munhau reRussia. Hondo yakanga chisingadzivisiki.

The Kupindira of Entente

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mhedziso siyanei chibvumirano ne Germany uye ayo nevatsigiri, hurumende yeSoviet muhombodo ezvinhu zvakananga kunetsana pamwe Entente nyika. Uyezve, kurwisana zvaisava evasingatombonamati enyika hunhu, asi kwakawedzera kuva musazonetsanazve nezvombo. 1918 - 1920 gore munhoroondo Russia inozivikanwa se nguva kupfuura vanoshingaira chokutambudzika wokumwe nemauto kupindira.

Start rehondo Entente nyika pamusoro Soviet Russia wakaradzikwa kudyara muna March 1918 muna Murmansk kumhara French, uyewo ichivharira pakati chengarava Ngirozi Huru UK rengarava.

Gare gare, apo Russian Civil War akanga chipatapata, chinhu dzimwe kurwisa vakava Vladivostok, Odessa, Kherson, Sevastopol, Batumi nemamwe maguta. Geography kubvuta kuwedzerwa.

Pakazosvika Kupindira akabatana British misha uye vabati, uyewo nyika dzisiri nhengo Entente (the US, Japan nevamwe).

hondo yevanhu venyika imwe

1918-1922 gore munhoroondo Russia kunoratidzwa sezvo nguva Civil War. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda dzekare zvinonzi akayera kubva pakutanga 1917, uye kupedziswa musi 1924, asi zvikuru basa, nokure, kutanga munguva akadzidza munguva.

Patsime 1918, Volunteer Army zvizere kuumbwa kuva simba kurwa-vakagadzirira yokupikisa Bolshevik Red Army.

Sezvo March, anotanga kuitisa basa kurwisana kwacho. The nezvokumukira simba Soviet anofukidza nzvimbo yokutanga Don Cossacks, uye ipapo - Kuban. Zvikurukuru, zvakanga panguva kurwisa akauraya Ekaterinodar wokutanga mutungamiri Volunteer Army Kornilov Lavr Georgievich.

White kufamba kumabvazuva kweRussia

Muna June, nhengo All-Russian Committee of Constituent Assembly (Komuch) yakatangwa Samara, vaiona pachake mutsivi ari dikidiki Hurumende Kerensky. Komuch People Uto akasikwa, rinova rokumabvazuva pamberi White kufamba. Zvisinei iye akabatana kurwa vaine Red Army of Bolsheviks, pamwe shoma kubudirira.

Muna September 1918, All-Russian dikidiki Government (Ufa Directory) akasikwa Ufa kunobva Komuch. Uyewo, pashure kukundikana kuita zvematongerwo enyika uye zvehondo, zvakanzi zvazvichanyungudutswa November, Admiral Kolchak. Panguva iyoyo vari Omsk, iye akagadzwa nokuda Mutongi Russia, uye kubva panguva iyoyo akanga ari aibvuma mutungamiriri White kufamba mu Russia. Pakarepo akaratidza kwazvo kushingaira mutungamiri uye mutungamiri mukuru muchiuto, yakahwina akawanda kukunda inokosha pamusoro Bolsheviks. Zvisinei, yepamusoro kubwinya kwayo enyika neechiuto vakauya inotevera, 1919.

All itsva uye zvisingatarisirwi majana vakauya muna 1918 munhau reRussia. Events vakamhanyira, pasina achidzikisa kumhanya.

Kuurayiwa pakati Romanovs

Chimwe chezvinhu dzichipesana zviitiko avo akacherekedza 1918 munhoroondo Russia, akanga kuurayiwa nokuda Bolsheviks musi July 17 muna Yekaterinburg, nomuzinda mhuri Romanov, inotungamirwa aimbova Emperor Nicholas II. Kusvikira ikozvino, vanyori venhau havana kubvumirana sei zvakakodzera aiva chiito ichi mhirizhonga, uye kana kumiririrwa nenhengo vakarasikirwa mukurumbira wayo mevanhu imba youmambo kutyisidzira chaiyo simba yeSoviet.

National separatism

1918 munhau Russian vakanga kwakaratidzwa kuwedzera National separatism munzvimbo dzaiva nhengo Romanov hwacho. Imwe Hurumende idzodzo pamusoro matongo umambo akakwanisa chokudzivirira rusununguko ayo (Poland, Finland, kuBaltic nyika), apo vamwe dzakamanikidzwa cede uchangamire kwayo panguva rinorema kurwa (UPR, Georgia), uye vamwe vakawanda vaiva nhema, haana kumbova simba zvechokwadi chishandiso (BPR) chechina, chokwadi, ndizvo Satellite of Soviet Russia (the Far Eastern Republic, kuti Donetsk-Krivoy Rog zvokuvhoterwa uye LitBel t. h.).

Zvakaipa zvikuru raiva 1918 munhoroondo Ukraine. Pano hondo pakati Ukrainian National hurumende nemauto (UPR), mutsivi wake Hetman Skoropadsky, Denikin kwakaita Volunteer Army, iyo Red Army of Bolsheviks uye siyana anarchist, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange makororo mapoka nezvombo.

kosha unhu

Zvose pamusoro zviitiko kugona kuitika pasina nezviito chaizvo vanhu. Ngatimbotaurei zvazviri, uyo kazhinji itibatsire ezvinhu, iyo yakaumbwa muna 1918 munhoroondo Russia, uyo anotonga akatungamirira mauto, akaumba enyika yakapoteredza.

Ngatitange pamwe vamiririri simba yeSoviet. Chokwadi, chikuru kubatsira zviitiko rwuno akapa Vladimir Ilich Lenin, akanga panguva iyo mutungamiri Bolshevik Party uye Soviet State. Ndiye zvikuru zviitiko akaita kuti 1918 yakachinja munhau yeRussia. Lenin photos anogona kuonekwa pazasi.

Uyezve, basa rinokosha yakanga kuridzwa nebato functionaries akadai Leon Trotsky, Lev Kamenev, Felix Dzerzhinsky, akatowedzera kufuta, Joseph Stalin. Uyezve, mune zvinotevera nguva yakadaro yakakurumbira Red Army vatungamiri sezvo Basil Chapaev, Mikhail Frunze, Gregory Kotovskij nevamwe.

The kupfuura vanoshingaira varongi of White kufamba, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga Lavr Kornilov uye Anton Denikin, uye pakazopera 1918 takatamira Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

zvabuda

Saka, pakazopera 1918 muduku wehurumende yeSoviet rakanga rakombwa nevavengi, iyo yakaumbwa kubva vamiririri White sangano, dzomunharaunda madzinza uye dzimwe nechisimba. The hondo yakanga chete uchangotanga, asi hurumende yeSoviet akaita chinhu chikuru - kurwisa kumanikidzwa chinozunguzirwa evavengi okutanga. chokwadi ichi, uyewo kusabatana vavengi venyika Bolsheviks, yezwi ane hondo rakavhurika nezvombo pakati pavo, kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti zvichaitika munyika mumakore anotevera 70 makore rakange rakanamwa. Zvisinei, migumisiro chinhu gore akanzwa kunyange ikozvino.