Flash ndangariro. SSD. The Mhando nokupenya ndangariro. ndangariro kadhi

Flash ndangariro mufananidzo-kare okurangaridza makombiyuta, umo mukati inogona reprogrammed kana kubvisa wemagetsi nzira. In tichienzanisa Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory zviito pamusoro rinogona kuitwa zvinogumbura vari munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Flash ndangariro kunodyira shoma kupfuura EEPROM, saka zvava chikuru rwokugadzira. Zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu umo uchida vachiwana uye kwenguva refu date kuchengetedzwa. Kushandiswa wakatendera mune zvakasiyana-siyana: mune digitaalinen makaseti vatambi, makamera, mobile phones uye smartphones, apo pane Android chaiyo kushanda ari ndangariro kadhi. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa USB-rutanda, rakagara richidudzirwa kushandiswa kuchengeta mashoko uye uchatamisa pakati makombiyuta. Akagamuchira mumwe notoriety ari uchitamba mutambo nyika, apo chinowanzoonekwa zvaisanganisira kupinda kapepa kuchengeta mashoko pamusoro mberi mutambo.

tsananguro mukuru

Flash ndangariro kunotoreva kuti anogona kuchengeta mashoko kadhi rako kwenguva refu pasina kushandisa simba. Mukuwedzera zvinogona kuzivikanwa soro kumhanya Data mukana, uye nani kinetic kuvhunduka mumweya tichienzanisa rakaoma disks. Nemhaka maitiro akadaro, zvava Munongedzo nokuda dzakakurumbira mano, dzinofambiswa ne mabhatiri uye accumulators. Chimwe chisingarambiki anobatsirwei kuti kana kadhi nokupenya ndangariro iri compressed kuva yakasimba, iwo kutonetsa kuparadza zvimwe zvinooneka nzira mureza, saka unogona kukunda mvura uye yakakwirira kumanikidzwa kufashaira.

Low-chechetere date kuwana

mumwe date kuwana nzira, iri kupenya ndangariro yakasiyana chaizvo kuti rinoshandisirwa kwakajairika mhando. Low-pamwero mapindiro iri kuteererwa mutyairi. Normal RAM pakarepo sei panodana kuverenga mashoko uye zvinyorwa, achidzoka migumisiro kwacho, uye nokupenya ndangariro mudziyo akadaro kuti achatora nguva yekurangarira.

Kweguyo musimboti oparesheni

Panguva iyoyo, vanhuwo nokupenya ndangariro, iyo yakagadzirirwa odnotranzistornyh zvinhu ne "zvinoyangarara" suo. Kuburikidza ichi zvinobvira kupa yakakwirira arambe achirema Data okuchengetera tichienzanisa simba RAM, izvo zvinoda peya transistors uye capacitor Kufananidzira. Panguva iyoyo mumusika rakazara siyana ruzivo yokuvakwa zvinokosha kuti ichi mhando nhau, yakaitirwa tikararama vagadziri. Musiyano uri uwandu akaturikidzana, nzira yokunyora uye erasing ruzivo uye sangano mamiriro, iyo kazhinji zvinoratidzwa rokuremekedza.

Panguva iyoyo, pane vaviri mhando machipisi kuti zvinowanza: kana uye NAND. In nevasina ndangariro transistors kubatana chinoitwa kuti vachitova mitsetse - mune zvakafanana uye series, ukuwo. The mhando muchitokisi hukuru okutanga chaizvo guru, uye pane mukana wokuti kutsanya anongoitika kuwana, vachibvumira kuti aparadze zvirongwa zvakananga nomusoro. Yechipiri kunoratidzwa zviduku pajira riya hukuru, uyewo kutsanya sequential kuwana kuti zvakawanda nyore kana kudiwa kuvaka chidhina-mhando namano kuti achachengeta yakawanda mashoko.

Most inotakurika mano SSD anoshandisa ndangariro mhando kana. Zvisinei, iye zvino, zviri kuramba dzakakurumbira mano vane USB inowanikwa. Vanoshandisa NAND-mhando ndangariro. Zvishoma nezvishoma izvozvo unotsiva yokutanga.

Dambudziko huru - fragility

The mimwe nokupenya Zvifambiso dzinotevedzana Kugadzirwa yokutanga havana kufadza vanoshandisa yakakwirira aimhanya. Zvisinei, zvino, kurekodha nokukurumidza uye kuverenga zviri pamwero kuti anogona kuonekwa hwenguva yakareba kufirimu kana kumhanya pasi kombiyuta uchishandisa hurongwa. Vanoverengeka vagadziri kare akaratidza muchina, apo yakaoma ngarurege kuchatsiviwa nokupenya ndangariro. Asi ruzivo urwu ane zvinokosha chaizvo drawback, rinova chipingamupinyi kuti yaitsiva mutakuri aripo rinobva disks mashoko. Nokuda hunhu nokupenya ndangariro mano kunobatsira erasing uye kunyora mashoko vashomanana zvinogara, riri kuvapo, kunyange zviduku uye inotakurika namano, tisingatauri kakawanda sei zvinoitwa makombiyuta. Kana ukashandisa kwakadai vezvenhau sezvo yakasimba-hurumende nemotokari pamusoro PC, ipapo nokukurumidza anouya nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Izvi imhaka yokuti yakadaro nemotokari yakavakirwa pamusoro penhaka munda-maturo transistors kuchengetera mu "zvinoyangarara" suo yemagetsi nokuchengeta, pasina kana kuvapo izvo zviri transistor kunoonekwa sechinhu musoro chete kana razero munyika binary nhamba hurongwa. Pakunyora uye erasing mashoko ari NAND-ndangariro tunneled maerekitironi zvinoberekwa nzira Fowler-Nordheim chokuita dielectric. It haatarisiri mukuru voltage, izvo zvinoita kuti uite risingamboshandisi muchitokisi saizi. Asi chaizvoizvo muitiro uyu inotungamirira nokuderera masero mumuviri, sezvo Magetsi mune iyi kunokonzera maerekitironi zvinopfuura gedhi, kutyora chipingamupinyi dielectric. Zvisinei, munhu akavimbisa pasherefu upenyu ndangariro akadaro makore gumi. Depreciation Chip hakusi nokuti kuverenga mashoko, asi nekuda kushanda kwayo vadzime uye kunyora, nekuti kuverenga hakurevi kuchinja chimiro masero, asi chete inopfuura magetsi.

Sezvingatarisirwa, ndangariro vagadziri zviri kushingaira kushanda nenzira kuwedzera upenyu basa hwakasimba mamiriro Zvifambiso izvi type: vari wakaiswa kuitira zvakafanana pakati kurekodha / erasing pezvakaitwa ari mumasero siyana mumwe asina kumbopfeka kupfuura vamwe. Nokuti mutoro BALANCInG chirongwa nzira dziri kudiwa kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, kubvisa Fani iyi zvinoshandawo "kupfeka nokuputsa" rwokugadzira. The Data kakawanda pasi kushandura, kufambisa kero nzvimbo yacho nokupenya ndangariro, nokuti chinyorwa rinoitwa maererano nemiviri kero siyana. Mumwe controller iri vakapakata yayo kunangiswa algorithm, saka zvakaoma chaizvo kuenzanisa kubudirira siyana yokutevedzera sezvo Implementation akazara akanga asina kutaurwa. Sezvo ose gore bhuku nokupenya Zvifambiso vari kuva zvakakodzera kushandisa yakawanda algorithms kuti ribatsire kutsiga mudziyo unongotaura.

Troubleshooting

Imwe nzira zvikuru inobudirira kurwisa Chiitiko akapiwa imwe mari ndangariro redundancy, mauri zvakafanana pamusoro mutoro kunosimbiswa uye kukanganisa kururamiswa achishandisa anokosha algorithms kuti musoro vorega panyama kutigumbura kuzvitsinhanisa yokuvamba weheavy kushandisa ndangariro rutanda. Uye kudzivisa kurasikirwa muchitokisi mashoko, chakaremara, makavhara kana yatsiviwa negadziriro yeparutivi. Software kwakadaro zvinoita chaivharidzira kuparadzirwa kuitira zvakafanana pamusoro mutoro nokuwedzera uwandu zvinogara pedyo 3-5 nguva, asi ichi hachisi kukwana.

Memory kadhi nezvimwe okuchengetera mano akafanana dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti munharaunda yavo yebasa anochengeterwa pamwe patafura faira hurongwa. Rinovatadzisa ruzivo verenga kukundikana panguva musoro vanochiva Somuenzaniso, kururama kana nokuzviparadzanisa nokukundwa kumira nerubatsiro yemagetsi simba. Uye kubva pakushandisa bvisika mano yakabva caching hurongwa, ari kugara overwriting ane zvikuru zvaparadza faira yavaive tafura uye dhairetori mukati. Uye kunyange panorongwa kuti ndangariro makadhi havagoni kubatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Somuenzaniso, imwe chete User pakugadzirisa vaikopa zviuru mafaira. Uye zviri pachena, kamwe chete kureva kurekodha kutigumbura yavanofanira vanoiswa. Asi nzvimbo basa yakambotora nomumwe update chipi faira, ndiko, tafura yavaive kunge inini ichi nzira kane zviuru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pakutanga ichavanyengera kutigumbura inogarwa mashoko aya. Technology "kusakara munoenzanisa" anoshanda vezvikwata akadaro, asi kugona kwaro ishoma. Zvino hazvina basa zvauri kushandisa kombiyuta yako, nokupenya nemotokari richakanganisika kunyange kana inopiwa musiki.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kuwedzera mano zvakadaro mano kwakaguma machipisi chete chokuti uwandu nyora zvinogara ungaderedza, kubva muchitokisi kuva duku, vachikumbira zvishoma voltage uye kuti kupera oxide partitions kuti kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe "zvinoyangarara gedhi." Uye pano mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kuti kuwedzera kugona mano vaishandisa dambudziko rakavimbika yavo yava kuramba kuwedzerwa uye kadhi kirasi zvino ndezvokungotevedzera zvinhu zvakawanda. Hwakavimbika nokushanda chisarudzo kwakadaro kunotemwa nezviri kwayo hwokugadzira zvinhu uyewo kumusika mamiriro ezvinhu akapararira panguva. Nokuda kukwikwidzana akamanikidza vagadziri kutema kugadzirwa mari chero nzira. Kusanganisira kusava nezvinhu zvakawanda magadzirirwo, kushandiswa zvinoumba munhu isingadhuri yakatarwa, nokuti kudzorwa gadzira uye kwakaderera mune dzimwe nzira. Somuenzaniso, kuyeuka kadhi "Samsung" achaita mari kupfuura asinganyanyi kuzivikanwa dzomuzana, asi rakavimbika iri ndoda nyaya. Asi pano, kuoma kutaura pamusoro kusavapo matambudziko rakakwana, uye chete pamusoro namano zvachose vagadziri isingazivikanwi zvakaoma kutarisira zvimwe.

budiriro tarisiro

Nepo kune zvakwakanakira pachena, pane zvinoverengeka payakaipira kuti munguva SD-ndangariro kadhi, zvomutadzisa humwe kuwedzera kushandiswa kwayo. naizvozvo vakaramba kugara kutsvaka nzira zvingaitwa munzvimbo iyi. Zvechokwadi, pakutanga kwezvose edza kuvandudza huripo mhando nokupenya ndangariro chisingazivi kutungamirira vamwe inokosha kuchinja huripo kugadzirwa rikurumidze. hapana mubvunzo saka mumwe chete: makambani zvaisanganisira gadzira pakubhadhara aya Zvifambiso, vachaedza kushandisa zvizere kwadzo, vasati kutamira kune imwe yakasiyana mhando kuramba kuvandudza zvetsika rwokugadzira. Somuenzaniso, Sony Memory Card yakabereka parizvino mune zvakawanda mavhoriyamu, saka zvinofungirwa kuti uye icharamba atengeswe nokushingaira.

Zvisinei, kuti zuva, pamusoro maindasitiri Implementation vomukova chinhu chose-siyana nzira okuchengetera michina, zvimwe izvo zvinogona chinozoiswa pakarepo pamusoro panowanikwa akanaka pamusika ezvinhu.

Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM)

Technology musimboti ferroelectric okuchengetera (Ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) iri aronga kuvaka asiri akadaro kuyeukwa chinzvimbo. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti mashandiro ari anowanika zvigadzirwa randinogara mune overwriting humboo iri muitiro kuverenga okunatsiridza zvose zvinokosha zvinoriumba, inoenda mumwe containment dzakakwirira-nokukurumidza mano mukana. A FRAM - ndangariro, vaine nyore, mukuru akavimbika uye kumhanya kushanda. ehupfumi ava zvino yo DRAM - akadaro RAM kuti ariko panguva. Asi zvino zvikuru zvichawedzerwa, uye mukana-refu kuchengetera data, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva ane SD ndangariro kadhi. Pakati zvakanakira zvigadzirwa izvi zvinogona kusiyaniswa kuramba rakasiyana-siyana rakapinza mwaranzi kuti anogona vaizviti mune chaiyo namano kuti zvinoshandiswa kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu ose yakawedzera radioactivity kana pakutsvakurudza nzvimbo. ruzivo okuchengetera mashandiro chaitwa nokushandisa ferroelectric mugumisiro. Anoreva kuti mashoko acho anogona kuramba polarization pasina kwokunze yemagetsi munda. Mumwe FRAM ndangariro Sero achiumbwa nokuisa ultrathin anoonekwa ferroelectric zvinhu muchimiro crystals pakati peya sandara simbi electrodes wezvamatongerwe capacitor. The Data muchiitiko ichi wakachengetwa mukati sekristaro mamiriro. Kanoita mhosva leakage maturo, izvo zvinokonzera kurasikirwa mashoko. The Data muna FRAM-ndangariro zvabatwa kunyange kana simba voltage.

Magnetic RAM (MRAM)

Rumwe rudzi mundangariro, inova nhasi vaiona kuti vaizotibata chaizvo, ndiye MRAM. It kunoratidzwa nekaupenyu kumhanya kuita uye asiri volatility. Unit Sero hazvisi dzakaonda rinobva firimu wakaiswa pamusoro nesilicon substrate. MRAM chinhu kunofambira mberi ndangariro. Hakufaniri nguva nenguva rewriting, uye mashoko haangazozikamwi kurasika kana simba dzikaita kure. Pari, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanobvuma kuti ichi mhando ndangariro anogona kunzi runotevera michina sezvo aivapo kumumvuri chinoratidza munhu kumbonyanya kumhanya unongotaura. Mumwe mukana uyu mhinduro ndiyo yakaderera mari machipisi. Flash ndangariro yakaitwa maererano unyanzvi CMOS muitiro. A MRAM Chip inogona kugadzirwa pamureza mukugadzira rikurumidze. Uyezve, zvinhu dzingava nezvaishandiswa mune kwakajairika rinobva nhau. Zvibereko makuru batch pamusoro machipisi idzi isingadhuri zvikuru kupfuura vamwe vose. Hunokosha MRAM-ndangariro chepfungwa kukwanisa vakwanise pakarepo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha Mobile mano. Zvechokwadi, mune ichi mhando foni kunotemwa kukosha rinobva mutariri, uye kwete zvemagetsi, sezvo ari kwakajairika nokupenya ndangariro.

Ovonic Yakabatana Memory (Oum)

Rumwe rudzi ndangariro, iro makambani akawanda vari kushingaira kushanda - ndiko yakasimba-mamiriro nemotokari-kwakavakirwa amorphous semiconductors. At chawo nhema Pasika kuchinja michina kuti zvakafanana nheyo pakunyora pamusoro kwakajairika discs. Pano Pasika mamiriro nefuma mu wemagetsi munda zvakachinja kubvira crystalline kune amorphous. Uye kuchinja uku anochengeterwa tisina voltage. Kubva kwakajairika Manyiminya discs , zvakadai mano dzinoratidzwa kuti kudziyisa kunoitika maererano kuitwa Magetsi, kwete Laser. Kuverenga rinoitwa iyi nyaya nokuda musiyano tichifungisisa nemano zvinhu dzakasiyana inoti, izvo panoonekwa nemotokari Switch. Tichingotarisa, yakadai mhinduro ine mukuru arambe achirema Data okuchengetera uye kunonyanyisa kuvimbika, uyewo kwakawedzera nokukurumidza. High mufananidzo ndiwo kunonyanyisa uwandu nyora zvinogara, iyo anoshandisa kombiyuta, nokupenya nemotokari, muchiitiko ichi lags nokuda akawanda mirairo zvikuru.

Chalcogenide RAM (inopedzisira yaparara) uye Pasika Change Memory (PRAM)

Michina iyi zvakare inobva pahwaro danho kuchinja kana mumwe danho fuma kushandiswa mutakuri anoshumira asiri conductive amorphous zvinhu, uye muitisi wechipiri crystalline. Kuchinja rokuyeuka sero kubva ehurumende mumwe rinoitwa nomudzimu yemagetsi munda uye kudziyisa. chip kwakadaro vanoonekwa ne kuramba ionizing nemwaranzi.

Information-Multilayered rabva CARD (Info-Mica)

Basa mano akavaka pachishandiswa ruzivo urwu, yakavakirwa panheyo dzakaonda-firimu holography. Mashoko wakanyorwa sezvinotevera: kutanga wezvamatongerwe mufananidzo maviri-dimensional chakasvitswa kuti hologram pamusoro CGH zvigadzirwa. Kuverenga pamusoro date imhaka Kuda kutamba ari Laser danda pamupendero rimwe kurekodha akaturikidzana, ari Manyiminya waveguides vashandi. Chiedza propagates pamwe chinhu akabatana iyo yakaronga akaererana ndege yacho layer achiumba goho mufananidzo chaienzanirana ruzivo akanyorwa kare. The kutanga Data anogona kuwanikwa chero nguva kuburikidza Ivan Kuchin Coding algorithm.

Izvi mhando ndangariro zvakanaka chete semiconductor nokuti kuti kunovimbisa dzakakwirira date arambe achirema, pasi simba zvinodyiwa uye pasi mari mutakuri, kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka uye kudzivirira kunze komutemo kushandiswa. Asi rewriting mashoko ndangariro dzakadaro kadhi haabvumiri, saka, unogona kushumira sekamwana chekuchengeta refu, kutsiva bepa svikiro kana imwe nzira Manyiminya discs kuti kugoverwa Multimedia kugutsikana.