Telescope - mukana kutarisa Universe

Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti teresikopu - ichi chinhu Manyiminya device chakagadzirirwa kuongorora mitumbi yokudenga. Zvechokwadi, ayo chikuru basa ndiko kuunganidza chaibwinya remagetsi nemwaranzi ari kure chinhu nekufambisa nayo pfungwa, apo mufananidzo guru aumbwa kana yakakura chiratidzo anogadzirwa. Nhasi, kune vakawanda zvakasiyana materesikopu - kubva pamba, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti munhu wose mukuru-zvakarurama, akadai Somuenzaniso, sezvo "Hubble", anokwanisa kutarisa mamiriyoni uye mabhiriyoni chiedza-makore vanyura zvose ...

A Nhoroondo shoma

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kutanga akazviratidza muna 1609 maviri-izvo teresikopu afunga Galileo Galilei. Zvisinei, hazvisi. A gore kare, Dutchman Iogann Lippersgey aida bvumidzwa ake mudziyo ina izvo akaiswa kupinda chubhu, chaakapa zita "teresikopu", asi akarambidzwa nekuda nyore magadzirirwo.

Pakuvamba, panguva pakuguma XVI remakore, nyanzvi Thomas Digges akaedza kutarisa nyeredzi kuburikidza concave nezvionioni uye lenses. Zvisinei, pfungwa haina kuunzwa ayo vatiwo. Galileo uyewo zvangoitika kuti "panguva yakakodzera panzvimbo zvakanaka": Sight Lippersgeyya kudenga, iye akawana craters uye makomo pamusoro Moon pevhu uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinonakidza zvinhu. Ndokusaka anonzi wokutanga muongorori wenyeredzi uyo akashandisa teresikopu. Izvi chamuita kuti nguva refracting materesikopu.

Mhando Manyiminya michina

Optical materesikopu dziya mu mifananidzo inogona inobva zvinokosha mhando chinhu achiunganidza chiedza pamusoro girazi, izvo uye girazi-izvo (combo) midziyo. Mumwe nemumwe kwemarudzi idzi ine mikana ayo nekuipira, saka pakusarudza wokuroorana gadziriro vanofanira kufunga zvinoverengeka: zvinhu uye chinangwa pakuongorora, apo nzvimbo zvinodiwa, uremu uye portability, mutengo uye zvichingodaro. Regai zvakadzama kunzwisisa kuti akadaro teresikopu, uye ndedzipi pfungwa maitiro ndiwo zvikuru nevanhu zvipenyu ayo. Saka, zvinoita sokunge teresikopu?

gogorosi refractor

materesikopu aya anoshandiswa rakada kufanana nemashoko izvo, izvo nokuda kwayo curvature inounganidzwa chiedza. Kungofanana mune dzimwe Manyiminya mano (makamera, mamaikorosikopu, etc ...), vose lenses vakaungana mune mudziyo mumwe chete - kubva izvo.

Pari refractory materesikopu Anonyanyowanika kushandiswa amateurs, sezvo akaverenga pakuongorora chete kuvhara mapuraneti uye Moon.

Advantages:

• Huri nyore kuvaka, akavimbika uye nyore.
• Zvinoda hapana Nokuraramisa chaiyo.
• Excellent ruvara kubereka mune apochromatic kuita uye zvakanaka achromatic.
• Perfect kuti pakuongorora nyeredzi miviri, mapuraneti, ari Moon, kunyanya panguva huru apertures.
• Fast chafariz Kudzikamiswa.
• The gogorosi hakurevi chinhu kuchinja, sezvo mugadziri wacho akagadzirisa kunyange panguva kugadzirwa.

payakaipira:

• Tichienzanisa katadioptrikami uye reflectors vane yepamusoro Mari izvo dhayamita yacho chikwata.
• Practical guru dhayamita kuti aperture parinoperera mutengo uye bulkiness.
• Nokuda aperture kurambidzwa vanowanzotevedzera refractors zvishoma dzakakodzerana nokuchengeta kure, haachaoni zvinhu.

Mirror achiratidza teresikopu

Reflex teresikopu - ane Manyiminya mudziyo, izvo anoita mashandiro chiedza-pakumora izvo girazi. Huru girazi angava maduku dhayamita (idenderedzwa) kana guru (parabolic).

Advantages:

• Tichienzanisa katadioptrikami uye refractors aperture dhayamita pamusoro chikwata mutengo dererei.
• Compact uye dzinokodzera chokufambisa.
• Nokuda pfupi guru aperture, zviri zvikuru kushanda zvakawanika kure uye simba zvinhu: nyeredzi masumbu, nebulae, mapoka enyeredzi.
• No chromatic aberration. Images yakajeka, pamwe yakaderera kusarurama

payakaipira:

• Pakupisa-rovira nguva kunodiwa nokuti muhombe magirazi girazi.
• Image zvishoma yakavhiringidzwa nokuda rakavhurika mutopota, kudzivirirwa noushamwari mhepo uye guruva.
• Nguva nenguva zvaida kunangiswa nezvionioni, izvo panguva kushanda kana chokufambisa inogona kurasika.

Mirror-gogorosi, kana catadioptric

Catadioptric teresikopu - ane mudziyo Manyiminya umo kwakadonha nekuve mufananidzo kukanganisa nokuda kushandisa nezvionioni mavari pamwe okugadzirisa lenses. Nokuda kuti chiedza zvinoratidzwa mukati chubhu kanoverengeka, pfungwa kunogona refu. Vamwe mhando vanokwanisa andobata chifananidzo. Kana kushandiswa ichi chinangwa catadioptric teresikopu, mapikicha zvakazofamba zvikuru zvakanaka.

Advantages:

• Kururamiswa mukuru-chechetere aberrations.
• Perfect tichengete vose pedyo zvinhu zvakadai somwedzi, uye zvinhu zvakadzama nzvimbo.
• Closed chubhu maximally inodzivirira neguruva uye mhepo inodziya Rwako.
• Zvichienzaniswa reflectors uye refractors panguva aperture wakaenzana kuchengetwa kunonyanyisa compactness.
• Tichienzanisa mari hombe aperture refractor dererei zvikuru.

payakaipira:

• Vashoma refu chafariz Kudzikamiswa.
• akaenzana kukosha aperture hombe kupfuura reflectors.
• Self-kunangiswa kwakaoma nokuda kunzwisisa magadzirirwo.

Modern nzvimbo materesikopu

Uyai refu nzira (kutanga teresikopu pamusoro XVII remakore uye kuzviuraya otomatiki nzvimbo nehofori), kuti teresikopu akavhura mikana yakakura kudzidza denga usiku. Asi pane zvakawanda zvinoita kuti kudzivirira munhu, kunyange simba kupfuura pasi anotsanangura materesikopu kuita tsvakurudzo. Izvi zvingasanganisira okuvhenekesa mhirizhonga, uye vakawanda banal namakore. Orbital nzvimbo yeredhiyo panyaya iyi vane mukana huru, nokuti vanogona kushanda siku nesikati pane okunze zvose, achitumira mifananidzo pasina mumhepo kusarurama. Rimwe nhepfenyuro idzi - "Hubble" Space Telescope. Photos wakabatwa optics ake, zvakakwana kuratidza zvinhu zvikuru kure chiri muChadenga, nemabhiriyoni makiromita kure, vachibvumira vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi kuziva itsva nyeredzi, mapuraneti uye mapoka enyeredzi.