Okisijeni - a ... Formula oxygen. An okisijeni Morekuru

Pakati ose zvinhu Panyika chatinokoshesa kuti rinopa upenyu - okisijeni gasi. Yakanga kwake kunoita redu rakasiyana pakati vamwe vose, kunyanya. Nokuda kwenyaya iyi munyika anogara zvisikwa zvakawanda chaizvo: zvinomera, mhuka, vanhu. Okisijeni - zviri zvachose irreplaceable, yakasiyana uye zvikuru kubatana kunokosha. Saka, tinoedza kuziva chii rinomiririra chii ane unhu.

Chemical chaikosha okisijeni: mamirire

Kuti munguva nzvimbo kutanga wapiwa chinhu periodic ino. Zvinokwanisika kuita pfungwa shoma.

1. Serial nhamba - 8.
2. Mabhomba guru - 15,99903.
3. Zvayaiva pamusoro retanhatu huru boka subgroup rechipiri hurongwa nguva.
4. Nuclear nokuchengeta - 8, nhamba protons - 8, Erekitironi - 8, neutrons - 8. Saka, mbiri mashiripiti nhamba, mauri mukuru nemishonga vakachengeta isotopic siyana ¹⁶ O.
5. The zita echiLatin chinhu - okisijeni. Russian - okisijeni, zita iri rinobva "achisununguka kuti acid." Panewo fanano, dzimwe nguva inonzi oxygenic.

Special hanya anopiwa kuongorora electronic nemamiriro atomu, sezvo zvakanga akavatsanangurira kutsiga Morekuru uye kuratidza mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako.

samolecular mamiriro

Electronic configuration pamusoro atomu anomiririrwa nzira ² 1s 2s ² 2p ^4. Kubva chinyorwa ichi zviri pachena kuti asati pakupera simba sandara uye yakapikirwa zvisikwa octet okisijeni chinoshayikwa maerekitironi maviri. Izvi inotsanangura dzayo unhu zvinotevera:

• diatomic okisijeni Morekuru;
• oxidation mamiriro -2 maatomu akafanana nguva dzose (kunze peroxide uye fluorine oxide, pazviri ikaita +2 uye -1, ukuwo);
• Iri simba oxidizing mumiririri;
• nyore zvaanoita kunyange mumamiriro kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu;
• inokwanisa pokubatana putika akakura.

Zvino funga mubvunzo yechivako chacho. Sezvo okisijeni Morekuru aumba? Chekutanga, kuti mashandiro kuti paumbwe imwe covalent isiri polar, i.e. nokuda kugovana maerekitironi mumwe atomu. Saka kukurukurirana vasiri polar covalent. Zvisinei, iye kaviri, nokuti mumwe atomu ane mbiri unpaired maerekitironi kuruvazhe chechetere. Zviri nyore chaizvo kuti rinoratidza Zvinoonekwa oxygen. The yemaitiro iri: O ₂ kana O = O.

Nokuda kuvapo ukama hwakadaro akatsiga zvikuru Morekuru. Nokuti kuita vakawanda ayo kupindura kunoda chaiwo ezvinhu: BP, kuti kudziyisa, kushandiswa catalysts.

Sezvo okisijeni makemikari chaikosha - imwe atomu rine zvitatu kugadzikana sezvingatarisirwa kuitika isotope. vakawanda nhamba yavo azvaitwa 16, 17, 18. Zvisinei, kubva muzana iri gogonera chaizvo, sezvo ¹⁶ O 99,759%, uye vanosara asingasviki 0.5%. Saka, vakawanda uye irambe isotope - kuti vakawanda nhamba 16.

Simple fuma Kwezvokudya Nemiti

Kana isu nezvazvo maatomu akafanana izvi nyore kubatana, zviri pakarepo zvakakodzera kuti kunan'anura uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Okisijeni - gasi risina kunaka, hapana ruvara, hapana kwakanaka. A diatomic Morekuru ndoupiko unonyanya zhinji fuma panyika, pashure rehydrogen uye anokudzwa gasi nehelium.

Kune dzimwe in aggregation of fuma. Saka, pane imwe tembiricha kunaka ⁰ -183 C okisijeni iri yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mu yebhuruu wakanaka zvokunwa. Kana pachikumbaridzo iri kupfuura pa -200 ⁰ C, ipapo mvura pachamera kupinda inopenya zvitema crystals vakanga tsono serin'i monoclinic.

In zvachose mune mhando huru matatu okisijeni zviripo yakasimba mamiriro.

1. Arifa chimiro (α-O _2). Pane ari tembiricha pazasi 200 ⁰ C.
2. Beta-chimiro (β-O _2). The tembiricha siyana ⁰ -200-400 C.
3. Wegamma-chimiro (γ-O _2). The penguva kubva -400 kusvika -500 ⁰ C.

Okisijeni - chimwe chezvinhu inokosha gasi. Kwete chete nokuti upenyu zvipenyu panyika, asiwo hunhu zvavo. Kashoma munhu wechisikigo chicherwa kana remubatanidzwa yaakanga asina zvaisanganisira ive maatomu akafanana.

History yakawanikwa

The kutaurwa nezvokuti murwiyo dzedenga paine gasi hunotsigira combustion pezvakaitwa wokutanga, akaonekwa VIII remakore. Asi zvino kuridzidza, kuratidza nezvokuvapo uye vanoona zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo zvinoita. Zvaisava kusvikira kusvika chemakore, iri XVIII remakore vakaitirwa kuburikidza nebasa masayendisiti akawanda.

1. 1771 mwari Carl Scheele empirically isingachinji Kuronga mhepo uye vakawana kuti huru mbiri gasi - ndiko okisijeni, uye senitrogen.
2. Per Bayen kuitisa kuedza pamusoro manyowa kuti nemekiyuri nemekiyuri oxide uye pamutemo anonyora nemigumisiro.
3. 1773 Scheele pamutemo rinovhura chinhu okisijeni, asi haagamuchiri nawo ayo sendarama chimiro.
4. 1774 mwari Priestley pasinei Scheele kuita zvakafanana, sezvazvakanyorwa kuvhura, uye anogamuchira yakaisvonaka okisijeni manyowa kuti nemekiyuri oxide.
5. 1775 Antuan Lavuaze anopa zita chinhu ichi uye zvinoita Pfungwa combustion kwakatora makore anopfuura zana.
6. 1898 Thompson anoita vanhu kufunga ndechokuti neoxygen iri mumhepo kunogona nokuda makuru choutsi pamusoro carbon dioxide inobvisa mumhepo.
7. Mugore iroro Timiryazev kunoratidza zvakashandurwa, sezvo rinotsanangura kuti yakachena nokutengesa vari mitema nyika.

Saka, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa kuti ndiye okisijeni, kuri inokosha upenyu negasi ichi. Pashure vose vakadzidza panyama uye namakemikari zvivako zviri zvinhu vaiona nzira kuti gadziriro yayo, wakanzi anofungidzirwa zviri mumvura, pasi nechepasi uye mhepo nezvimwewo zvikamu nyika.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Heano zvinokosha mumuviri parameters, izvo zvinogona dzinoratidzwa mukomboni mune mubvunzo.

1. Okisijeni - gasi pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, ndiro chikamu mhepo (21%). Harina ruvara, kuravidza uye kunhuwidza. Vakareruka kupfuura mhepo, uri havaratidzi soluble mumvura.
2. Nokushingaira rishandise carbon uye simbi Nezvakakuyiwa, soluble mune Organic zvinhu.
3. The Kubika ndeyekuti -183 ⁰ C.
4. Kubvunda -218.35 ⁰ C.
5. The hwemapfupa yaiva 0,0014 g / masendimita ^3.
6. The sekristaro yekamuri pamusoro samolecular.

Okisijeni ane paramagnetic ehupfumi munyika mvura mamiriro.

mushonga ehupfumi

About sei nhau rinoshanda gasi, sei haazvibati mune wanda nevamwe zvinhu, iye rinotsanangura nemashoko akadzama kemisitiri. Okisijeni anogona kuratidza vakawanda oxidation rinoti, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda wakajairika -2, iyo anonzi dzose. Mukuwedzera pazviri pane yeimwe umo zvinotevera tsika:

• -1;
• -0,5;
• -1/3;
• 0.5;
• +1;
• 2.

Reactivity nokuda mukuru Erekitironi sungano, sezvo electronegativity kukosha 3,44 polling izvozvo. Chete panguva yakakwirira fluoride (4). Naizvozvo, okisijeni iri oxidant simba kwazvo. Panguva iyoyo vari siyana pamwe kunyange oxidants zvikuru simba haazvibati somunhu kuderedza mumiriri, achiratidza akanaka oxidation mamiriro. Somuenzaniso, imwe fluorine oxide O ⁺² F ₂ ^-.

Pane kuwanda yeimwe kusanganisira okisijeni. Ndivo makirasi zvinhu, zvakadai:

• oxides;
• peroxides;
• ozonides;
• superoxide;
• asidhi;
• chikonzero;
• munyu;
• Organic Morekuru.

With ose okunze okisijeni anogona sei pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, kunze simbi dzinokosha, nehelium, neon uye argon uye halogen. Sezvo inert gasi asingadi sei pasi chero ezvinhu.

Preparation Industry

The okisijeni tigutsikane mudenga uye mvura saka guru (21 uye 88%, ukuwo), huru maindasitiri nzira kuti ayo kwetunhu ndiyo fractional DISTILLATION emura mhepo uye mvura electrolysis.

Kunyanya aiwanzoshandisa nzira yokutanga. Pashure pezvose, yakawanda gasi zvinogona zvikaramba kubva mumhepo. Zvisinei, hakusi pachena zvachose. Kana inodiwa chigadzirwa kuri yepamusoro yepamusorosoro, ipapo zvinozoita akabvumira electrolysis pezvakaitwa. Yakatsvuka mashoko uyu kana mvura kana alkali. yavaibvisa kana potassium hydroxide chinoshandiswa kuwedzera simba yemagetsi conductivity chemhinduro. Kazhinji, musimboti kwacho ipfupi kuti manyowa mvura.

Kusvika yezvirwere

nevakawanda kupararira pakati kupisa kurapwa nzira rabhoritari nzira:

• peroxides;
• okisijeni tubhokisi asidhi munyu.

At dzakakwirira tembiricha Ivo anoora pamwechete Kushanduka gaseous okisijeni. Catalyzed muitiro kazhinji manganese oxide (IV). Unganidza okisijeni mvura misha uye zviratidzwa - tambo banzurwa. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, yakajeka zvikuru murazvo hadzitani iri yakachena mhepo.

Chimwe fuma kushandiswa pave okisijeni pane zvidzidzo chikoro kemisitiri - rehydrogen peroxide. 3% kunyange pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu tiwedzere mhinduro pakarepo uchiora ne kusunungurwa yakaisvonaka gasi. Ake chete vanoda nguva kuunganidza. Nokuva gombedzero ndiro - manganese oxide, MnO _2.

Pakati munyu vari anowanzodanwa kushandiswa:

• bertoletova munyu kana potassium chlorate;
• potassium permanganate kana potassium permanganate.

Kutsanangura muitiro, tinogona kuderedza mukana wokuti vanhu vanga. Okisijeni ukasunungurwa zvinokwana murabhoritari nokutsvakurudza zvinodiwa:

2KClO ₃ = 2KCl + 3O ₂ ↑.

okisijeni allotropic nadzurudzo

Kune allotropic nadzurudzo ine oxygen. The yokuita remubatanidzwa uyu anenge _3, kunonzi ozone. gasi ichi, icho anogadzirwa zvakasikwa kana vachibatwa ultraviolet uye mheni mhepo okisijeni. Kusiyana neakawanda O _2, ozone ane munhuwi zvinofadza freshness riri vainzwa mumhepo mushure mvura nemheni uye kutinhira.

Kusiyana okisijeni uye ozone harisi chete nhamba maatomu ari Morekuru, asi ari sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro. Mishonga, ozone - kunyange oxidant zvikuru simba.

Okisijeni - chimwe chezvinonhuwira mhepo

Kuparadzirwa oxygenation ari mamiriro kwazvo. Okisijeni inowanikwa:

• matombo uye zvicherwa;
• munyu uye mvura yakachena;
• ivhu;
• miriwo uye mhuka Utachiona;
• mhepo, kusanganisira yokumusoro mhepo.

Zviri pachena kuti vakabatikana zvose paNyika goko - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, mhepo uye biosphere. Kukosha zvirimo iri Zvinoumba mhepo. Pashure pezvose, chinhu ichi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kurarama Pasi upenyu hwedu siyana, kusanganisira vanhu.

The Zvinoumba mhepo yatinofema, zviri zvikuru heterogeneous. Zvinosanganisira sezvo zvechigarire zvinoriumba uye variables. Pakazosvika chenguva peri chipo nehanya:

• carbon dioxide inobvisa;
• okisijeni;
• senitrogen;
• vanokudzwa magasi.

The variables zvingasanganisira mvura mhute uye seguruva extraneous magasi (chiutsi, combustion zvigadzirwa, kuorera mazviri, etc.), chirimwa mukume, mabhakitiriya, notumwe uye nezvimwewo.

Ukoshi Kwezvokudya Nemiti zvakasikwa

Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti okisijeni yakawanda iri hunhu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vamwe satellites pakati mapuraneti akakura (Jupiter, Saturn) zvisaririra kwazvo gasi ichi kunge zvakwakafukurwa, asi zviri pachena hapana upenyu ikoko. Pasi redu ane mari yakakwana, iyo, kana pamwe mvura runoita kuvapo zvose zvipenyu.

Uyezve, iye une nhengo kufema, okisijeni achiri anopedzera zvisingaverengeki oxidation siyana kuti kuguma kusunungurwa simba upenyu.

The chikuru bhizimisi iyi yakasiyana gasi zvakasikwa zviri zvinomera uye mamwe mabhakitiriya. Pamusana kwavari, akaramba kuramba takatsiga reokisijeni uye carbon dioxide. Uyezve, ozone vovaka rwokudzivirira nhoo pamusoro yose Earth, izvo haabvumiri dawo vazhinji rinoparadza UV mwaranzi.

Chete dzimwe mhando anaerobic zvipenyu (utachiona, notumwe) vanokwanisa kurarama kunze yakachena mhepo. Zvisinei, vane zvishoma zvikuru pane vaya chaizvo kubatsirwa.

Kushandiswa okisijeni uye ozone ari indasitiri

The chikuru munda kushandiswa okisijeni allotropic okunatsiridza kuti maindasitiri aya.

1. Simbi (nokuti nomoto uye vakatema simbi).
2. Medicine.
3. Agriculture.
4. Sezvo propellant.
5. The kwetunhu zhinji makemikari, kusanganisira zvinoputika.
6. Kuchenesa uye disinfection mvura.

Zvakaoma zita muitiro mumwechete kuti haabatanidzwi ichi chikuru gasi rakasiyana fuma - oxygen.