Stolypin zvinhu, vachiedza kukunda dambudziko

Nhoroondo Russian miduku yokuruwa pakutanga XX remakore. Zvagara Akakwezva dzekare uye nevaongorori. Haasi masanga, sezvo Russia ipapo aiva vakawanda agrarian nyika. Maererano yevagari Verenga 1897, vanhuwo zvavo vaiumba 76% yevanhu uye zvibereko 92% of zvachose okurima kugadzirwa munyika, ukuwo 8 chete% of Varidzi, mukuwedzera, varimi vaiitawo zvakananga muridzi upfumi.

Mukupera XIX-mangwanani XX emakore. mubvunzo murimi mudiki vakasara rimwe kudiwa. enyika dzakawanda uye mapato kusanganisira avo papurogiramu pfungwa mhinduro yacho murimi mudiki mubvunzo, uye chakaita kuti zvirongwa zvayo zvokurima. The Bolsheviks mumwe nevanyori agrarian chirongwa raiva Kuchibhotla Lenin, Socialist-kuipandukira - VM Chernov, ivo Cadets - AA Kaufmann, kuti Narodniks - V.P.Vorontsov etc.

Nyaya idzi ndiko nenzanga kumapati siyana, mhando muridzi uye nyika, kuti hunhu murimi mudiki upfumi uye nzira kwayo kukura. Kutanga XX remakore. Yaivawo pakachinja hurumende, vakange vachitsvaka uwane rutsigiro vanhu uye kuedza kusimbisa vatsigirane, putswa mushure chimurenga.

Saka, asati PA Stolypin, pashure kugadzwa kwake April 26, 1906 nokuda pambiru mukati mufundisi, aiva basa rokuita neitsva mararamiro wechipfuwo mutemo, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye, panguva imwecheteyo, akaoma rakanga okurima mutemo kurutivi miduku yokuruwa. Munzira dzakawanda kwaiva kuedza kubvisa inefficiency ari murimi mudiki upfumi, akakudzvinya zvekare dzemunharaunda munharaunda nzira youpenyu.

Danho rinokosha zvikuru kukunda matambudziko ari zvokurima nemauto aiva racho chirevo kuti weSeneti iri kuwedzera zvimwe nemirau nomutemo ano maringe murimi mudiki nyika gavhuna "musi November 9, 1906 The agrarian kuchinja Stolypin chezvematongerwe kwakavakirwa chirevo ichi.

Chirevo, uyewo zvose refora Stolypin, akanga nechinangwa panguva Implementation ane siyana zviyero rokuputsa seboka munyika vaiva kumaruwa munzanga uye kusikwa murimi mudiki mukirasi - rizere Varidzi.

Chikamu chokutanga murayiro November 9, 1906 ndiro 18 midziyo kuwedzera Chikamu 12 General Mitemo vanhuwo zvavo. Chimwe chikuru zvinhu mutemo yose iri Article I, chikamu 1, murimi aiva nekodzero kugamuchira mugove munyika panguva munharaunda kumunda pfuma, kusanganisira kodzero kuzopiwawo wenyika yemuraudzo munyika mitengo muna 1861 (Article 3) In maererano Article 2 kana makore asingapfuuri 24 aiva mukuru redistribution, kuripwa zvakawandisa haina kuzvireva. Articles 4-11 anongoratidza kuti shanduro chikamu munyika pachake. Article 12 iroro mukana murimi mudiki kudiwa pane zvakawanda mapindu nyaya kure sezvinobvira panzvimbo imwe.

Chechipiri chikamu 4 chirevo ndiwo kwokunwa hurongwa pamusoro kuzvibvisa munyika mugove, wakaumbwa iri nhaka nemba yake oga. Chikamu chechitatu inoumbwa 2 Nyaya kuti mukwanisi kodzero vanhuwo zvavo kunyika mugove runofarira, rine nemba yake oga nhaka.

Chikamu chechina rinotaura yezwi rose nzanga, zvose munharaunda uye pamwe nemba yake oga nyika varidzi kuti zvarinoroora ari bran zvikamu mhinduro ose-zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu mavhoti ose vanhuwo zvavo vari kuungana. Pakusimbisa vaiva nyika varidzi itsva, rapfuura kodzero kushandisa zviri indivisible zvaiita nyika (Mafuro, mafuro, masango, zvakavaomera nyika, they).

The chirevo akava mutemo pashure bhuku June 14, 1910 Mutemo pamusoro nekugadzirisa uye supplementing zvimwe mumirau murimi mudiki munyika gavhuna. Chokwadi, chirevo pamusoro apa uye murayiro chete chikamu mberi zvinhu munyika, asi rakanga rakanga nokusimudza kurambidzwa mbudo kubva munharaunda hwaro Stolypin kwakaita zvinhu panyaya Agranov.

Huru zvikonzero agrarian kuchinja vaiva vakawanda murimi mudiki kumukirana, kuwedzera kumaruwa murombo, kukura chikwereti, pasi kwevari yauinayo.

Agrarian kuchinja kubudirira zvinangwa chete zvishomanana, asi migumisiro vachiri yakanaka. Inosimudzira anorimwa nyika nharaunda. Paiva zvinokosha redistribution pakati pomugove munyika, zvinopfuura mamiriyoni 2. Households vakagamuchira bedzi nzvimbo. Sezvo pakatanga kuchinja yakawedzera kuchengeteka miduku yokuruwa uwandu 1.5 nguva, dzesimbi 2.4 nguva. Kuwanda kunotangira cooperatives.

Mushure agrarian kuchinja, kuti chaiwo, kuti kubvira 1901 kusvika 1911. kwemari kubva zviyo uye maindasitiri zvirimwa akasimuka kubva 1,7 kusvika 3,4 bln. varikwizire., paavhareji capita mari yakawedzera kubva 30 kusvika 43 rubles. Panguva zvokuchinja nayo kwasimbisa mapurazi - akapfuura 10.3% mapurazi zvose munzira private munyika varidzi ari muchimiro mapurazi uye maronda.

Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti Stolypin kwakaita zvinhu mune zvokurima, yaiitisa kugarwa 1906 kusvika 1911., Dai aiva mberi kukanganisa zvokurima weRussia. Zvisinei, izvozvo Tinofanira kuonawo kuti kuchinja uye zvakagadzirwa haana kugadzirisa zvose matambudziko urombo vokumaruwa akaramba achiri yaizivikanwa chepfungwa musha, ukama huri pakati akasiyana zvikamu vemo vari zvakakwana wakarodzwa, kusanganisira nokuda dzisakarurama kuwana zvikwereti.