Sezvo X-ray sepombi kushanda?

Maekisirei vari kunotangira unoponesa simba pamusoro maerekitironi kuti photons, kunoitika muna X-ray chubhu. Quantity (ekisiposha) uye unhu (chakarondedzera) nemwaranzi zvinogona kugadziridzwa nokuchinja magetsi, voltage uye nguva chiridzwa.

musimboti oparesheni

X-ray sepombi (mufananidzo rakapiwa munyaya) ndivo simba converters. Ivo kurigamuchira kubva zvakarukwa uye dzikwanise nedzimwe mhando - rakapinza nemwaranzi nokupisa, yokupedzisira chinhu kunaka byproduct. X-ray chubhu zano rakadaro kuti Kunowanzurudza kugadzirwa photons uye dissipates kupisa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

The chubhu iri mudziyo huri nyore, kazhinji dzine mbiri zvinokosha - a cathode uye anode. Kana ano runoyerera kubva cathode kusvika anode, ivo maerekitironi kurashikirwa simba, iyo inosvitsa Chizvarwa X-ray.

anode

The anode iri rokuti, sezvamakaropafadzwa akabuda mukuru-simba photons akabudiswa. Uyu hwakanaka hombe chesimbi chaikosha iyo zvakabatana zvakanaka danda riri magetsi redunhu. Rine huru mbiri mabasa:

• It anomuchinja kuti Erekitironi simba kupinda X-ray nemwaranzi,
• It dissipates kupisa.

Mashoko nokuti anode anosarudzwa kuti kuvandudza mabasa aya.

Zvakanakisa, vakawanda maerekitironi vanofanira kuumba mukuru-simba photons, pane kupisa. Ratio zvachose simba, iyo dzikwanise X-nemwaranzi (COP) kunotsamira zviviri on:

• mabhomba nhamba (Z) ari anode zvinhu,
• Erekitironi simba.

Kakawanda X-ray sepombi somunhu zvinhu pamusoro anode vakashandisa tungsten, ane mabhomba nhamba akaenzana 74. Kuwedzera guru Z, simbi iyi nevamwe unhu kuiita yakakodzera chinangwa ichi. Tungsten rakasiyana nemamwe mano ayo kuramba simba kana pakutsamwisana ane yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa uye pasi kwemvura unodiwa.

Kwemakore akawanda, kuti anode chakagadzirwa yakaisvonaka tungsten. Mumakore achangopfuura, takatanga kushandisa ichi simbi chiwanikwa pamwe rhenium, asi chete pamusoro pemvura. Self anode pasi tungsten-rhenium unhani chakagadzirwa chiedza zvinhu, chakanaka nokupisa-okuchengetera. Two zvakadai zvinokuvadza vari molybdenum uye graphite.

The X-ray chubhu inoshandiswa mammography, inoitwa anode, zvinenge zvakazara molybdenum. Izvi zvinhu ane zvenguva mabhomba nhamba (Z = 42), izvo zvinowanisa photons vane maitiro simba, yakakodzera pakunyora pachipfuva. Vamwe mammography mano vanewo anode wechipiri, aumba kubva rhodium (Z = 45). Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwedzera simba uye kubudirira zvikuru kupinda nokuda batana mazamu.

Kushandiswa tungsten-rhenium chiwanikwa anovandudza kwenguva nemwaranzi goho - ne nguva kunyatsoshanda Namano anode yakagadzirwa yakaisvonaka tungsten ipfupi nokuda chafariz kuvadza pemvura.

Vazhinji anode ane pezvakaita tapered discs uye wakaiswa kuti injini mugodhi, izvo rotates navo pachidiwa yakakwirira aimhanya panguva yacho akabuda X-ray. Chinangwa Kutenderera - kubviswa kupisa.

zvatichiri nzvimbo

The X-ray chizvarwa chikamu kwete yose anode. It kunoitika duku munzvimbo yawo pose - musimboti wokuzadzika panzvimbo. Dimensions okupedzisira akasarudza kukura Erekitironi danda ichibva cathode. In vakawanda ine rectangular chimiro kunosiyana-siyana mukati 0.1-2 mm namano.

The X-ray chubhu magadzirirwo neumwe ukuru musimboti wokuzadzika panzvimbo. The duku iri, shoma inofamba akamhanya uye yepamusoro hasha, uye chii uyezve, nani kupisa nounzenza.

Zvatichiri gwapa saizi chinhu chinoita kuti chinofanira kufungwa pakusarudza X-ray chubhu. Manufacturers kubereka mano navaduku zvatichiri sechitsvuku, apo zvakakodzera kuita mukuru chisarudzo uye diki nemwaranzi zvakakwana. Somuenzaniso, zvinotarisirwa kuti kudzidza duku uye akatunhidzwa nhengo dzomuviri sezvinoitwa mammography.

The X-ray chubhu kunyanya zvibereko zvatichiri makwapa vane yese miviri - makuru nemadiki, izvo zvinogona kusarudzwa nenzira opareta maererano mufananidzo Anoumba nzira.

cathode

The chikuru kushanda cathode - kuti vaunze maerekitironi uye nekunhonga vave danda kutungamirirwa anode. It kazhinji ine duku zononoka waya (filament) midzi mune mukombe serin'i rusesi.

Maerekitironi achipfuura redunhu havagoni anowanzoita kusiya muitisi akasiya vakasununguka nzvimbo. Zvisinei, vanogona kuzviita, kana ivo zvakakwana simba. Mune muitiro inozivikanwa chafariz anobuda, kupisa rinoshandiswa adzingwe maerekitironi kubva cathode. Izvi zvinova zvinogoneka kana kumanikidzwa munzvimbo anobviswa X-ray chubhu rinosvika 10 ^-6 -10 ^-7 Torr. Art. Rwebhuruu iri neshungu saizvozvo sezvinoita zononoka filament rambi nokuisa kuitika therethrough. Basa cathode ranzi chubhu iri pamwe muchidziisa kuti tembiricha luminescence misha chafariz simba kwazviri ari maerekitironi.

chibharuma

The anode uye cathode huri rakanamwa kwedzimba - humburumbira. The chibharuma uye ayo zviri kazhinji anotaurwa somunhu muwedzero, iro rine shoma upenyu uye zvinogona kutsiviwa. The X-ray chubhu kazhinji kacho vane girazi girobhu racho, kunyange zvazvo simbi uye zvedongo sepombi kushandiswa zvimwe zvikumbiro.

The chikuru basa iri kutsigira mudziyo uye voga pakati anode uye cathode, uye kuramba Vacuum. The kumanikidzwa ari anobviswa X-ray chubhu pa 15 ° C ndiyo 1,2 × 10 ^-3 Pa. Kuvapo gasi ari tangi aizobvumira magetsi iyerere kubudikidza mudziyo vakasununguka, kwete chete muchimiro ane Erekitironi danda.

Housing

X-ray chubhu midziyo yakadai, kuti kuwedzera yakakomberedzwa uye kutsigira vamwe zvinoriumba, rinoshanda se nenhoo muviri uye absorbs kuti mwaranzi, kunze unobatsira danda achipfuura nepahwindo. Its nekaupenyu guru zvokunze pamusoro dissipates akawanda nokupisa zvakapararira munyika mudziyo. The nzvimbo pakati goko uye muwedzero izere mafuta kuti inopa kuputira uye kutonhora nayo.

cheni

The zvemagetsi wedunhu rinobatanidza foni kuti simba bhuku, iyo inonzi jenareta. Source iri dzinofambiswa kubva zvakarukwa uye vatendeuki kuti rakatumbuka pari kutungamirira kutira. The jenareta inokupai iwe kugadzirisa zvimwe parameters of cheni:

• KV - voltage kana magetsi zvinogona;
• MA - razvino inoyerera kubudikidza chubhu;
• S - nguva kana dzokupisa nguva, muna zvikamu chechipiri.

Dunhu inopa kufamba maerekitironi. Vari mhosva simba, nomunyika jenareta, uye mupe anode. Sezvo sangano ravo kunoitika transformations maviri:

• zvemagetsi zvinogona simba iri dzikwanise kinetic simba;
• kinetic, akavapindurawo, iri dzikwanise X-ray nemwaranzi nokupisa.

goneko

Kana maerekitironi vanosvika chinu, vane mukana magetsi simba, zvakatemwa kubudikidza uwandu KV voltage pakati anode uye cathode. The X-ray chubhu vakavhiyiwa panguva voltage kuti vaunze 1 KV nomumwe PARTICIPLE kuva 1 keV. By nokugadzirisa KV, iyo opareta anopa mumwe Erekitironi ndiyo imwe yakawanda simba.

kinetics

Low kumanikidzwa munzvimbo anobviswa X-ray chubhu (pa 15 ° C ndiyo 10 ^-6 -10 ^-7 Torr. V.) Inokutendera zvacho pasi zvinoitwa achine uye thermionic yemagetsi simba chaibwinya kubva cathode kusvika anode. simba iri Inowedzera navo, zvichizoita yakawedzera nokukurumidza uye kinetic simba uye zvinogona ichiburuka. Kana PARTICIPLE dzinotaurwa pamusoro anode, kwadzo yakarasika, uye zvose zvayo simba iri dzikwanise kinetic simba. 100-keV Erekitironi rinosvika imwe nokukurumidza kupfuura hafu chiedza nokukurumidza. Achirova pemvura PARTICIPLE iri kuderera nokukurumidza uye vasava kinetic simba. Iye akadzoka maekisirei kana kupisa.

Maerekitironi vapinda neVadzidzi nomumwe maatomu ari anode zvinhu. Radiation kunotangira kudyidzana kwavo orbitals (X-ray photons), uye ane moyo (bremsstrahlung).

ndichisunga simba

Erekitironi neimwe iri atomu ane zvimwe kunyorerana simba, iyo kunoenderana ukuru okupedzisira uye pamwero panguva iyo PARTICIPLE iri. Nokusungwa simba inoita basa rinokosha Chizvarwa maitiro maekisirei uye zvinodiwa kubvisa imwe Erekitironi kubva atomu.

bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung unobereka vakawanda photons. Maerekitironi kupinda munzvimbo anode zvinhu uye pakukoka pedyo musimboti, vakatsauka uye decelerated simba regiravhiti atomu. simba ravo vakarasika pamusangano uyu rinowanika muchimiro X-ray photon.

siyana

Chete photons shoma vane simba pedyo Erekitironi simba. Vazhinji vavo zviri dererei. Vanofunga kuti pane nzvimbo kana munda wakakomberedza chinoumba, sezvamakaropafadzwa maerekitironi ruzivo simba "chinovhiringidza." munda Izvi zvinogona kuva zvikamu. Izvi zvinopa maonero musango chinoumba kubaya atomu ari pakati. Electronic kudonha pose chipfuro iri decelerated uye zvinowanisa X-ray photon. Inoramba kuti kuwa pedyo nepakati, zvinonyanya pachena uye saka kurasikirwa zvikuru simba, kubereka chaizvo mukuru-simba photons. Maerekitironi vachipinda rokunze mapazi kusangana kusimba kusakarongeka uye tanga photons ose ezasi simba. Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo zvakafanana upamhi, kuti vane yakasiyana nzvimbo zvichienderana kure musimboti. Sezvo nhamba inoramba chiitiko pamusoro vematunhu, zvinoenderana yayo yose nzvimbo, zviri pachena kuti nzvimbo kwokunze andobata zvakawanda maerekitironi uye zvinokonzera photons. simba X-ray chakarondedzera zvinogona nezvacho muenzaniso uyu.

E _Max photons huru bremsstrahlung chakarondedzera unoenderana E _Max maerekitironi. Below pfungwa iyi, pamwe kudzikira photon simba kunowedzera nhamba yavo.

A chinokosha Nhamba photons yakaderera simba zvakawanda kana yakasvinwa, sezvo ivo vanoedza apfuure pemvura anode chubhu kana bhokisi firita. Mupise Kazhinji novimba anoumba uye pakukora mashoko kuburikidza iyo danda rinopfuura, uye ichi chinoratidza yokupedzisira chimiro rakadzika-simba chakarondedzera munyonga.

simba KV

Mukuru-simba chikamu chakarondedzera kunotema ari voltage X-ray zvibereko KV (kilovolt). Izvi nokuti anosarudza nesimba maerekitironi nokusvitsa anode, uye photons haagoni zvinogona kupfuura izvi. Under chero voltage kumhanya X-ray chubhu? The kunonyanyisa photon simba rinoenderana kufadza rakaiswa mukana. voltage Izvi zvinogona siyana panguva pakunzwisisa nokuda rakatumbuka ano network. Muchiitiko chino, E _Max yepamusoro voltage anofananidzira photon oscillation nguva KV _p.

Uyezve zvinogona quanta, KV _peji anosarudza uwandu nemwaranzi kunotangira nhamba achapiwa maerekitironi nokusvitsa anode. Sezvo nhamba kunyatsoshanda pakati bremsstrahlung mwaranzi ichiwedzerwa nokuda chiitiko Erekitironi simba kunowedzera, zvakatemwa KV _S., izvi zvinoreva kuti KV _S. kunokanganisa kunyatsoshanda yacho mudziyo.

Kuchinja KV _peji, kazhinji kuchinja chakarondedzera. Zvachose nzvimbo pasi simba munyonga anomirira nhamba photons. Unfiltered chakarondedzera ndiyo netriangle, uye uwandu nemwaranzi maererano pachivara KV. In pamberi Sefa kunowedzerawo KV kuwedzera kupinda pakati photons, iyo akazoita chikamu ari yakasvinwa mwaranzi. Izvi zvinotungamirira vawedzere nemwaranzi zvibereko.

mamirire nemwaranzi

Mhando nekuita kuti zvinowanisa ari maitiro nemwaranzi unotora high-nokukurumidza kudhumhana pamwe orbital maerekitironi. Kudyidzana anogona chete kutora nzvimbo apo chikamu E _ari PARTICIPLE ane kupfuura nokusungwa simba ane atomu. Kana ichi ezvinhu kunozadziswa, uye pane kudhumhana, kuti Erekitironi iri agogodza kunze. Izvi kunosiya rakavhurika chinzvimbo, akazadzwa neMweya PARTICIPLE wakakwirira simba pamwero. Apo isu kufambisa Erekitironi anopa simba chaibwinya muchimiro X-ray photon. Inonzi maitiro nemwaranzi, sezvo E ndiye photon hunhu zvemakemikari chinhu kubva iyo anode yakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu Erekitironi iri agogodza K tungsten rukoko _chokuita E = 69,5 keV, iyo nzvimbo yakazara ane Erekitironi kubva L-pamwero _kutaura E = 10.2 keV. Mamirire X-ray photon ane simba yakaenzana kusiyana siyana maviri, kana 59,3 keV.

Kutaura zvazviri, anode acho kunotungamirira dzinoverengeka mamirire X-ray simba. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti maerekitironi panguva dzakasiyana-siyana simba yomuropa (K, L, etc.) inogona agogodza bombarding nezvimedu uye mabasa izadzwe siyana simba siyana. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa L-pamwero zvinowanisa photons uye simba ravo madiki kushandiswa mune chirwere kuri. Mumwe maitiro simba anopiwa zita iyo inoratidza orbital, sezvamakaropafadzwa imwe nzvimbo, ane indekisi iyo inoratidza imwe Erekitironi mabviro kunodiwa. Alpha (α) Rinoratidza indekisi rokuzadza Erekitironi kubva L-sandara, uye Beta (β) inoratidza zvinodiwa pamwero M kana N.

• YOKOHAMA tungsten. The maitiro nemwaranzi pamusoro simbi kunobereka Linear chakarondedzera zvinosanganisira discrete simba anoverengeka uye braking zvinowanisa chichiitwa kuparadzira. Kuwanda photons vakasikwa mumwe maitiro simba, inozivikanwa kuti mukana rokuzadza nzvimbo K-pamwero kunobva orbital.
• YOKOHAMA molybdenum. Anodes iyi simbi inoshandiswa mammography, kubereka zviviri zvakakwana zvikuru unhu X-ray simba: K-Alpha pa 17.9 keV uye K-Beta pa 19.5 keV. The optimum-siyana X-ray sepombi, izvo anobvumira kuti vabudirire yakanaka nengaidzo pakati musiyano uye irradiation dose nokuda avhareji saizi zamu kubudirira pana E _p = 20 keV. Zvisinei Bremsstrahlung kubereka zvakawanda simba. In mammography midziyo chokubvisa zvikamu zvisingadiwi pamusoro chakarondedzera yaishandiswa molybdenum firita. The Sefa anoshanda panheyo «K-mucheto. ' It absorbs nemwaranzi rakawandisa Erekitironi tichisunga simba panguva K-ichasimudzirwa molybdenum atomu.
• The chakarondedzera rhodium. Rhodium ane mabhomba nhamba 45, uye molybdenum - 42. Saka, maitiro maekisirei ane rhodium anode achava zvishoma yepamusoro simba kupfuura molybdenum uye zvakawanda rakapinza. Rinoshandiswa kuti kuri batana mazamu.

Anodes vakavirikidza pamusoro nzvimbo, molybdenum, rhodium, dzinoita opareta yokusarudzira kuparadzirwa optimized kuti mazamu dzakasiyana kukura uye arambe achirema.

The zvainoita chakarondedzera KV

KV mutengo kunokanganisa kwazvo maitiro nemwaranzi, kureva. K. Harizovhurwi kubudiswa kana zvishoma KV K-simba pamiviri maerekitironi. Kana KV kwazvo ichi pachikumbaridzo kukosha, uwandu nemwaranzi Kazhinji Proportional kuti musiyano uye chikumbaridzo KV chubhu KV.

The simba chakarondedzera photons kuti X-ray danda chaibwinya kubva mudziyo vagara vandifungira zvinoverengeka. Kazhinji, inoitwa bremsstrahlung uye noruzhinji kudyidzana.

The hama Kuronga chakarondedzera kunobva anode zvinhu, KV uye firita. In kumicheto ine tungsten anode achine hunhu hauna kuumbwa panguva KV <69,5 keV. At dzakakwirira tsika Zvakanaka hf kushandiswa chirwere zveBhaibheri, maitiro nemwaranzi kunowedzera yose nemwaranzi kusvika 25%. The molybdenum mano zvinogona kusvika chikamu chakakura yose urwu vanokwanisa.

kunyatsoshanda

chiduku chikamu simba raiziviswa maerekitironi chete iri dzikwanise nemwaranzi. Huru chakapatsanurwa wefodya uye dzikwanise nekupisa. nemwaranzi kunyatsoshanda rinorondedzerwa so chikamu yose airatidza simba kubva vakawanda yemagetsi akapa anode. Zvinhu izvo kuona kuti kunyatsoshanda pamusoro X-ray chubhu anechekuita voltage KV uye mabhomba nhamba Z. The anofungidzirwa reshiyo zvinotevera:

• Kunyatsoshanda = KV X Z x 10 ^-6.

The ukama pakati kunyatsoshanda uye KV ine yakananga chaizvo kushandisa hunobatsira X-ray michina. Nokuda kupisa Chizvarwa chubhu ane muganhu uwandu simba yemagetsi kuti vanogona kupera. It zvinoisa vachikwanisa ari mudziyo muganhu. Zvisinei, pamwe kuwedzera KV, uwandu nemwaranzi zvinoberekwa nomumwe kupisa yekudyidzana kunowedzera.

The kutsamira pamusoro kunyatsoshanda of X-ray chizvarwa pamusoro Kuronga anode ndiyo chete Yedzidzo kufarira nokuti vakawanda mano vaishandisa tungsten. An Kunze ndiko molybdenum uye rhodium, kushandiswa achiongororwa mazamu. Kunyatsoshanda mano izvi zviri kudzika kuti tungsten nokuda mabhomba nhamba yavo rezasi.

zvinobudirira

Kunyatsoshanda X-ray chubhu kunotsanangurwa so uwandu irradiation millirentgenah akapa pfungwa iri pakati anobatsira danda nechokure 1 M kubva musimboti wokuzadzika panzvimbo nerimwe 1 Mas maerekitironi nomunyika mudziyo. Its ukoshi anomiririra mano mudziyo kutendeutsa simba iri mhosva inoramba iri X-ray nemwaranzi. Kunoitawo kuti kuona nokufumura murwere, uye Snapshot. Sezvo kunyatsoshanda, kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro mudziyo kunobva zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira KV, kuti voltage chinozunguzirwa chimiro, asi anode zvinhu uye ukuru kukuvara pemvura kuti Sefa mudziyo uye nenguva kushandiswa iri.

KV-utariri

Voltage KV X-ray chubhu zvinobudirira anodzora goho nemwaranzi. Kazhinji, zvinofungirwa kuti goho riri Proportional kuti mativi ose KV. Doubling KV ekisiposha kunowedzera 4 nguva.

waveform

The waveform rinotsanangura nzira iyo KV kunosiyana-siyana pamwe munguva chizvarwa nemwaranzi nokuda cyclic hunhu simba. Used dzakasiyana waveforms. The musimboti ndiyo: duku kuchinja pezvakaita KV, kuti X-ray nemwaranzi anogadzirwa zvakanaka. The midziyo ano vakashandisa emagetsi pamwe nekaupenyu kugara KV.

X-ray sepombi: Manufacturers

Oxford Instruments Company manufactures siyana mano, kusanganisira girazi, simba 250 W, 4-80 KV mukana, ainyanya kukoshesa gwapa 10 microns uye zvakawanda anode zvinhu, t. H. AG, Au, Co, Kr, cu, Fe, Mo, Pd, kusawirirana kweropa raamai, Ti, W.

Varian anopa mhando 400 akasiyana zvokurapa uye mumaindasitiri X-ray sepombi. Other anozivikanwa vaburitsi vari Dunlee, GE, Philips, Shimadzu, Siemens, Toshiba, IAE, Hangzhou Wandong, Kailong, et unto.

In Russia yakabereka X-ray sepombi "Svetlana-rontgen". Kuwedzera kutsika Namano Rotating uye mira anode kambani manufactures mano chando cathode luminous nekubudisa kudzorwa. Kubatsira zvinotevera mano:

• kushanda kuramba uye kufamba kweropa modes;
• kusavapo inertia;
• yokudzora kusimba ari akatungamirira kuitika;
• chakarondedzera kuchena;
• mukana X-ray nemwaranzi kunosiyana zvikuru.