Angiosperms - pamusoro shanduka hwomuti nyika

miti kuwana nyika iyo yakaitika pakutanga ari Silurian nguva (anenge mamiriyoni 435. apfuura), achiperekedzwa vanoverengeka Qualitative shanduka kuchinja. Plants dzakamanikidzwa kuchinja kuchinja mararamiro pano upenyu. Mune Kushanduka zvinyama ravo idzva akazviratidza (Epiderme e, xylem, phloem, zvokuimba zvinyama) uye nhengo (vachiwaridza nhungirwa uye mudzi). Nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko chinyakare Rhyniophyta asina akaumba mabukira vakatsiviwa Fern marudzi kwakapararira Earth iri Devonian (anenge mamiriyoni 400. Makore akapfuura). Muna Mesozoic (235-132 mln. Makore akapfuura) iri nyika dzaitongwa gymnosperms, uye shure kwavo kune angiosperms, iyo vanonzi vanova shanduka kasvisto.

Angiosperms anokura muna Cenozoic - the Geological ichikosha, rwakatanga mamiriyoni 66 apfuura uye kusvika iye nguva .. Kunyange, kutonga nezvinooneka rinodhindira padombo strata, vakanga vadzoka Mesozoic (anenge mamiriyoni 130.. Makore akapfuura), asi vakanga shoma uye chinyakare siyana. The tanga angiosperms - Nymphaeales vamiririri boka, izvo zvinosanganisira mvura maruva.

Iye zvino, dhipatimendi unonyanya vakawanda. Pakati neequator uye matanda maviri hapana pebindu, apo pane mamiriro ezvinhu zvinomera upenyu, asi kwete kuwana angiosperms. Kuwedzera widest zvichibvira nenzvimbo siyana, angiosperms hwokuratidza pakawanda siyana uye nzira kukura. Miniature duckweed zvakatevedzana pemvura dziva, uye chihombe BAOBAB muti, kurarama mazana uye kunyange zviuru zvemakore, chipingamupinyi cacti uye orkideat, kwezvokufuka, mwero uye Daisy hofori Rafflesia ane mita dhayamita maruva - vose ndezvaJehovha dhipatimendi ichi. Zvikuru yakakura boka - hwemvura angiosperms vaigara Freshwater (zvikurukuru) uye wakawanda (nezvahwo) madziva. maonero akadaro haasi chinyakare, mukusiyana, mugumisiro kwadzakabva ose pano siyana ari hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza.

The chikuru chinoratidza angiosperms - kuvapo iruva, ari rokubereka zvomukati, basa pabonde kubereka uye dzinokwezva pollinating nevamiririri. Saka, zita wechipiri dhipatimendi - Flowering miti (Magnoliophita).

Kubereka vana angiosperms chokuita ne nedanho pollination, unosanganisira tumbuyu, shiri, mhuka, mhepo uye mvura. Kakawanda mwaka nyika zvinokosha yomuchipatara vari pollinating nezvipembenene. In dzinopisa latitudes, basa iri rinoitwa nevanhu shiri uye mhuka. Rekushongedzesa zviri Mafuro, steppes nemapani, sagebrush mumarenje, muti mhando iri achinaya mvura uye yepakati mukoto, deveteve zvirimwa imhepo-mukume. Zvizhinji vashoma Water pollination (hydrophilic) - iri kwese nokuda kwemarudzi, maruva kuti anotumbuka pasi mvura (eg Zostera). In avo okunze munyika dzine apo impracticable mumwe anotevera nzira, kuzvicheka-pollination kunoitika.

Inotevera pavaipfuura kubereka - muchangosangana uye muchero inotungamirwa. Department of Angiosperms miti inozivikanwa vanonzi kaviri muchangosangana mhando. Mukume anowana pamusoro rusarura, "davi" uye ovule varume kufamba kuburikidza mukume chubhu bonde masero. Imwe dzisingaoneki rinobatanidzwa pakusangana ari zai, uye mumwe zvakabatana rinokosha rukoko masero - embryo rukoko. Somugumisiro, kana rokutanga, imwe mudumbu, uye yechipiri - yaro yakagadzirwa simba okuchengetera munyama.

Pane boka zvirimwa regai zvinoda pollination (mbeu zviri yakaumbwa pasina kutora chikamu mukume) kuti paumbwe muchero. boka iri rinosanganisira voikukkien, mudzimai wacho jasi, dzimwe mhando buttercups.

Panewo zvinomera zviri vegetatively inoparadzirwa advantageously, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda danho ruva inotungamirwa, pollination nembeu kuibvisa. This bulbous, rhizome nevamwe vamiririri angiosperms.