At chii kukwira ichibhururuka satellites, muchadenga kukarukureta, kukurumidza uye mirayiridzo kufamba

Kungofanana zvigaro mu yemitambo kubvumira yakasiyana Kutarira mufananidzo kutenderera siyana zviri satellites zvinopa nemaonero, imwe neimwe ine pachake chinangwa chawo. Vamwe zvinoita akarembera pamusoro pfungwa pamusoro pechiso, anopa kuramba pfupiso rimwe divi Earth, apo mumwe yodzoka yoenda yedu, rimwe zuva kutsvaira pamusoro dzakawanda.

marudzi kutenderera

At chii kukwira ichibhururuka satellites? Kune 3 Mhando pasi kutenderera: dzakakwirira, nomutoo uye vakaderera. At chakakwirira okumudzivo pachiso Kazhinji zhinji ekunze uye vamwe kutaurirana satellites. Satellites orbiting pasi anosvikirwa muchadenga zvinosanganisira wekushandisa uye anokosha akagadzirirwa vachiongorora kuchiitirwa nharaunda. Most sayenzi chitundumusere-musere, kusanganisira kuongorora marongedzero penyika rengarava NASA Earth, vari pasi muchadenga.

Basa sei yakakwirira zvinobhururuka satellites kunoenderana kumhanya kufamba kwavo. Pamunenge mava kusvika Pasi giravhiti hunosimba, uye dzichimhanya kufamba. Somuenzaniso, NASA Aqua Satellite zvinotora anenge 99 maminitsi dzibhururuke vakapoteredza nyika panguva anenge 705 km uye Meteorological Unit, kuti kure 35786? Km pachiso, zvingadai zvinoda maawa 23, maminitsi 56 uye 4 seconds. At chinhambwe 384.403? Km kubva pakati Pasi Romwedzi anopedza rimwe chimurenga mumazuva 28.

aerodynamic gangaidzo

kwomwedzi kukwira uchinjewo modifies iri imwe muchadenga nokukurumidza. Pano pane zvisinganzwisisiki. Kana kwomwedzi opareta anoda kuwedzera ake akurumidze, haangagoni chete kumhanya injini kuti kumhanyisa. Izvi zvichaita kuwedzera muchadenga (uye kukwirira), izvo zvichaita kuti vasanyanye nokukurumidza. Asi, unofanira kumhanya injini negwara risiri inofamba iri Satellite, kureva. E. To kuita chiito kuti dai nokunonoka zvinofamba motokari Panyika. chiito kwakadaro kuchaita pasi apa kuti kuchawedzera nokukurumidza.

Features kutenderera

Kuwedzera pakakwirira, nzira inofamba pakati Satellite kunoratidzwa eccentricity uye mafungiro. Wokutanga chokuita pezvakaita muchadenga. Satellite yakaderera eccentricity inofamba pamwe trajectory pedyo tenderera. The eccentric muchadenga iri elliptical. Kure kubva chitundumusere-musere Panyika inoenderana nenzvimbo yaro.

Dzokufunga - pakona of muchadenga panyaya neequator. The kwomwedzi, iyo zvayaitenderera paguyo zvakananga pamusoro neequator, ane razero materu. Kana chitundumusere-musere anopfuura kumaodzanyemba matanda (Nzvimbo uye rinobva kwete), ayo mafungiro 90 °.

All pamwechete - urefu, eccentricity uye mafungiro - kuona inofamba iri Satellite uye zvakadai kubva ake nemaonero vachatarira sezvinoita nyika.

soro-Earth

Kana kwomwedzi rinosvika chaizvoizvo 42164? Km kubva pasi pakati (anenge 36 zviuru. Km pachiso), inopinda ndipo remhosva Kutenderera muchadenga yacho nyika yacho. Sezvo muchina inofamba panguva iyoyo nokukurumidza sezvo Earth, kuti ndiye. Munguva chimurenga E. Its iri maawa 24, zvinoita sokuti kuti anogara munzvimbo iri chete Longitude, kunyange zvingava chitsigiso kubva kuchamhembe kusvikira kumaodzanyemba. Ichi chakakwirira muchadenga chinokosha anonzi geosynchronous.

The kwomwedzi inofamba nenzira raundi muchadenga zvakananga pamusoro neequator (the eccentricity uye mafungiro razero) uye hama paNyika pamire achiri. Iye anogara rakamiswa pamusoro chete pfungwa iri kwayo pamusoro.

Geostationary muchadenga zvikuru zvinokosha kuti ekunze zvichiongororwa, sezvo satellites pariri zvinopa kuramba muchidimbu chete pamusoro nzvimbo. Ose maminitsi mashomanana, Meteorological zvinooneka, akadai ANOTANGA, mashoko pamusoro pemakore, mvura nemhute uye mhepo, uye kuramba tichiwana ruzivo ndiyo hwaro zvichiongororwa uye ekunze kufungidzira.

Uyezve, GEO mano angabatsira pakukurukurirana (nvidia, terevhizheni, redhiyo). ANOTANGA satellites zvinopa job uye kununura bhikoni, kushandiswa vachiita kutsvaka ngarava uye ndege pakumanikidzwa.

Pakupedzisira, vazhinji vysokoorbitalnyh Earth satellites vari vachiongorora rezuva basa uye kuongorora kwevari rinobva minda uye nemwaranzi.

The kukarukureta rakakwirira ari geostationary muchadenga

The kwomwedzi unoshanda centripetal simba F _p = (M v ₁ ²⁾ / R uye simba rinokweva F _T = (GM ₁ M ₂₎ / R ^2. Sezvo mauto aya vakaenzana, zvinokwanisika kuti inofananidza zvakarurama kumativi akavacheka mu ₁ M vakawanda. Zvinoguma mukana wokuti vanhu vanga v ² = (GM ²⁾ / R. Nokudaro velocity v = ((GM ₂₎ / R) ^1/2

Sezvo geostationary muchadenga chinhu denderedzwa 2πr kureba orbital velocity ndiyo v = 2πR / T.

Nokudaro, R ³ = T ² GM / (4π ^2).

Sezvo T = 8,64x10 ^4, G = 6,673x10 ^-11 Numbers ² / makirogiramu ^2, M = 5,98x10 ²⁴ makirogiramu, ipapo R = 4,23x10 ⁷ M Tikabvisa kubva R. Earth nharaunda, kuenzana 6,38x10 ⁶ m, zvinokwanisika kuziva kukwira satellites dzinobhururuka yakarembera imwe pfungwa pose - 3,59x10 ⁷ m.

Lagrange pfungwa

Other kutenderera Great ndivo Lagrange nguva, apo simba regiravhiti Earth iri ndanyarara hangu nokuda kwezuva regiravhiti. Zvose kuti pane, zvakaenzana anokwezvwa miviri yokudenga izvi uye rotates pamwe redu akapoteredza nyeredzi.

Kwevashanu Lagrangian pfungwa dziri Sun-Pasi yezvinhu, chete okupedzisira maviri, anonzi L5 uye L4, muri yakatsiga. In Mamwe Satellite kwakafanana bhora aitaura pamusoro pamawere chikomo: chero zvishomanana perturbation achasundira nayo. Kuti tirambe pakati nepakati ezvinhu, kuti chitundumusere-musere ari kuda kugara kuchinja. Mumakore maviri pfungwa yacho Lagrange satellites hunofananidzwa bhora bhora: kunyange pashure rakasimba chinovanetsa, vachauya shure.

L1 riri pakati penyika Sun, anobvumira satellites zviri mairi, kuti kuramba pfupiso nyeredzi yedu. The Sohõ zuva Observatory, NASA Satellite, European Space Agency kuti chamber zuva kubva pakutanga Lagrange pfungwa mamiriyoni 1,5 chete kubva Earth.

L2 riri chete chinhambwe kubva Earth, asi ari shure kwake. Satellites mune nzvimbo iyi zvinoda kupisa nhoo imwe chete kudzivirira kubva zuva chiedza nokudziya. Iyi inzvimbo yakanaka muchadenga materesikopu, aimbodzidza yezvakaita Universe kuburikidza zvaanorumbidza ari microwave kumashure nemwaranzi.

A chechitatu Lagrangian pfungwa iri pamberi Earth mhiri kwezuva, kuti chiedza chiri nguva dzose pakati pake redu. The kwomwedzi munzvimbo ino havazokwanisi kutaura Earth.

Zvikuru kugadzikana wechina uye wechishanu Lagrange pfungwa orbital munzira yemapuraneti 60 ° mberi neshure Earth.

pasi Medium muchadenga

Kuva pedyo Earth, ivo satellites kufamba nokukurumidza. Pane vaviri svikiro-Pasi muchadenga: Semi-synchronous, uye "Mheni."

At chii kukwira ichibhururuka satellites ari Semi-synchronous muchadenga? Kwava dzeraundi (yakaderera eccentricity) uye kubviswa kuti chinhambwe 26560? Km kubva pasi pakati (anenge 20200? Km pamusoro pemvura). Satellite panguva kukwira ichi anoita kutenderera wakakwana ose maawa 12. Chero fambisa ake Pasi rotates pasi. For 24 f uye intersects mbiri dzakafanana dzinokosha neequator. muchadenga Izvi inopindirana uye zvikuru oneka. The Hurongwa anoshandisa Global Positioning GPS.

Muchadenga "Mheni" (Zvinodiwa 63,4 °) inoshandiswa kuchengeta pamatunhu latitudes. Geostationary satellites vari vasiyana neequator, saka havasi akakodzera kure kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu. muchadenga ichi rakanyatsojeka eccentric: chitundumuseremusere chakasvitsa chinokambaira ane elongated ellipse pamwe Earth, yaiva pedyo mumwe mucheto. Sezvo kwomwedzi wacho nokukurumidza negiravhiti, chinofamba nokukurumidza kana zviri pedyo redu. Kana iwe Kudzima kumhanya DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA, saka anopedza nguva yakawanda ari pamusoro muchadenga muna kure kubva kumucheto Earth, daro kuti chinogona kusvika 40 zviuru. Km. orbital nguva iri maawa 12, asi vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu nguva iyo Satellite anopedza pamusoro mumwe hemisphere. Kufanana Semi-synchronous muchadenga Satellite ichipfuura chete nzira dzose maawa 24. Rinoshandiswa yokukurukura iri kure kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba.

yakaderera Earth

Most satellites dzesayenzi, vakawanda Meteorological uye nzvimbo yemapurisa vari pedyo-dzeraundi pasi Earth muchadenga. materu kwavo kunobva vachiongorora zvavari kuita. TRMM kwakatangwa kuti vachiongorora achinaya mvura, saka ane hwakanyatsorwisa yakaderera nepfungwa (35 °), apo kuramba pedyo neequator.

Zvaanoona zhinji kubva NASA satellites vane anenge polar muchadenga vysokonaklonnuyu. The chitundumusere-musere inofamba akapoteredza pasi kubva padanda kuti danda aine nguva 99 min. Hafu panguva anopfuura kwaedza kurutivi nyika, uye dzokera kuna usiku padanda.

Sezvo inofamba iri Satellite Earth rotates pasi. Pakazosvika nguva chikwata anopinda mugove nokuvhenekerwa, zviri pamusoro munharaunda yakabatana nzvimbo kwemutemo ayo okupedzisira muchadenga. Panguva 24-awa nguva polar satellites akafukidza vakawanda Earth kaviri, kamwe masikati uye kamwe usiku.

Sun-synchronous muchadenga

Kungofanana geosynchronous satellites kunge pamusoro neequator, achivabvumira kuramba rimwe nguva, polar-orbiting anokwanisa kugara imwe nguva. muchadenga kwavo zuva-synchronous - panguva mharadzano iri mudunhu rinowanzopisa chitundumusere-musere vemo rezuva nguva yava nguva dzose zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, Terra Satellite michinjikwa pamusoro Brazil nguva nenguva 10:30 am. mharadzano Next pashure 99 Maminitsi pamusoro Ecuador kana Colombia uyewo ndepana 10:30 yomunharaunda iyoyo.

Sun-synchronous muchadenga inodikanwa nesayenzi, sezvo anobvumira kuramba pakona chiedza chezuva wakawira pamusoro pechiso Earth, kunyange zvazvo achizosiyana zvichienderana nemwaka. kusachinja-chinja Izvi zvinoreva kuti masayendisiti angaenzaniswa kwemakore usina kunetseka zvakare guru akasvetuka rokufukidza imwe-nguva mifananidzo panyika makore, ayo anogona kusika fungidziro kuchinja. Pasina zuva-synchronous muchadenga zvaizova zvakaoma arambe vavo pamusoro nguva, uye kuunganidza inodiwa kuti kudzidza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.

Gwara Satellite ishoma chaizvo. Kana panzvimbo kukwira pamusoro 100 km, ari muchadenga anofanira kuva yakatenuka 96 °. Chero kutsaudzira nezvisingabvumwi. Sezvo kurwisa zvomumhepo uye anokwezva rehondo Zuva Nomwedzi kuti muchadenga changed midziyo, inofanira kugara kugadziridzwa.

Muhombodo muchadenga: Launch

The kanda Zvinoda simba, uwandu iyo kunoenderana nzvimbo kanda ikanyanya, kureba uye yakatenuka yemberi trajectory vayo kufamba. Kuti tisvike kure muchadenga, zvinodikanwa kupfuura simba. Satellites vane zvakati mafungiro (semuenzaniso, polar) zvakawanda simba pakuzadza kupfuura avo yodzoka pamusoro neequator. Kuisa muchadenga ane pasi kwakarerekera kubatsira Kutenderera paNyika. The International Space Station zvinofamba panguva necheparutivi 51,6397 °. Izvi zvakakodzera kuitira kuti chimutundumuseremusere uye zvombo Russian zvaiva nyore kuti kwaari. Kukwirira ISS - 337-430? Km. Polar satellites, Ukuwo, kuburikidza kupomba Nyika regai kuwana, saka zvinoda zvakawanda simba kukwira chinhambwe chete.

kuchinja

Mushure kushanda Satellite zvinokosha kuti kuedza kuiita nenguva imwe muchadenga. Sezvo Nyika haisi nzvimbo yakakwana, ayo giravhiti hwakasimba mune dzimwe nzvimbo. unevenness ichi, kuwedzera kukwezvana kwezuva, mwedzi uye Jupiter (kupfuura hombe nyika yacho Solar System), anochinja zvinodiwa muchadenga. Muupenyu nzvimbo yake ANOTANGA satellites kugadziriswa matatu kana mana nguva. Leo NASA mano vanofanira kugadziridza kurereka kwayo pagore.

Mukuwedzera, pedyo-Earth satellites kunokanganisa mhepo. Okumusoro akaturikidzana, kunyange zvikuru sparse, vane simba nemishonga zvakakwana kuti vaswedere pedyo Panyika. The mugumisiro regiravhiti kunotungamirira kuti kumhanyisa pamusoro satellites. Nokufamba kwenguva, vanenge dzakapiswa zononoka kunyura yakaderera uye dzichimhanya mumhepo, kana kuwira kudzokera Earth.

Air kuramba akasimba kana zuva kushingaira. Kungofanana mhepo iri chibharuma anowedzera uye ichibuda kana pakutsamwisana anowedzera uye rinobuda mhepo kana zuva anohupa okuwedzera simba. Sparse ratinoona akaturikidzana kukwira uye kutora nzvimbo yavo denser. Saka satellites orbiting nyika inofanira kuchinja nzvimbo yayo pamusoro nguva mana pagore kudzikamisa mumhepo zvuva. Apo zuva basa kunonyanyisa, nzvimbo mudziyo kugadzirisa ose 2-3 mavhiki.

Space masarasara

Chikonzero chechitatu, richivamanikidza mangu muchadenga - muchadenga ungwandangwanda. Mumwe kukurukurirana Satellite Iridium yakabonderana isiri kushanda Russian chitundumusere-musere. Ivo vakarambana, kutanga masarasara gore zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura 2,500 zvikamu. chinhu chimwe nechimwe rakawedzerwa kuti Database, iyo zvino zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura 18.000 vanovengwa anthropogenic mavambo.

NASA nokungwarira monitors zvose vaizosvika nenzira satellites, kureva. A. Nokuda zvakapwanyika kunge kakawanda vaifanira kuchinja muchadenga.

Center Mission Control mainjiniya kuongorora mamiriro pakati satellites uye nzvimbo marara, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kufamba uye sezvo zvaida kunyatsoongorora kuronga nzvenga anofambisa. Chete Chikwata zvirongwa uye anoita anofambisa kuchinja kurereka uye kureba Satellite.