Malus mutemo, refraction mwaranzi yechiedza polarizers

1809 kwakaunzwa kuchinja mune zvesayenzi muvanhu nyika. An injiniya kubva French kubudikidza E. Malus vakawana nzira itsva chiedza polarization. Kuburikidza kuedza, iye netsaona akataura kuti kana sekristaro iri zvayaitenderera paguyo kumativi danda kunooneka kubva girazi, chiedza zvikuru anogona nguva zvose kuwedzera uye kuderera. Asi zvose chiedza haridzimi, asi chete Kunowedzera kana simba, asi chete pane imwe nzvimbo iri sekristaro. Wokugamuchirwa wakanzi "mutemo Malus," kwave kuchizivikanwa munharaunda sayenzi.

Kubva Physics tinoziva kuti chiedza inogona kuchinjwa kuti danda ndege-inobudisa. Izvi zvinoitika kana uchishandisa anokosha mano, izvo zvinogona kupfuura chete imwe nhungamiro nokufamba. Muenzaniso uyu anogona raiva akaererana ndege kuti oscillation, chiedza transmissive uye dzinongoda perpendicularly kuti kunonoka zvakasiyana. Sezvo polarizer akashandisa anisotropic zvenhau pakureva vibration Vector, zvakadai crystals. The kupfuura nomukurumbira rwokuzvarwa akavamba tourmaline. Iye simba zvokugona yekubata chiedza nemwaranzi yaro yemagetsi Vector perpendicular kune kutarisana akabatana, izvo kunotevera sezvo mhedziso Malus mutemo. Asi chiedza nayo zvinofambirana, anenge asina kunyura. Izvi inotsanangura kuti zvakasikwa chiedza inopfuura nomunyika sekristaro ndiro raisangoita chete hafu uye linearly inobudisa wayo yemagetsi Vector zvakafanana akaronga tourmaline kutarisana akabatana.

More zvakakunakira kubata nekristaro ane zvakangofanana ehupfumi ave Polaroid. Inoitwa artificially vakagadzirira colloidal mafirimu, panodikanwa kuti vawane chiedza inobudisa. Sezvaiitwa tourmaline, iri uchishandisa pfungwa inobva chete Chip, izvo absorbs chiedza perpendicular kuti vibration negwara. Uye Fani iyi jhaana pamurayiro Malus. Funga mumwe muenzaniso.

Asi kana polarization wechiedza mwaranzi rikauya kana refraction uye kuratidzwa panguva inowanikwa ane isotropic dielectric - ndiwo mutemo Malus. Akavaruramisa mashoma chaiko mananara chokuita magetsi vibrations nechiedza.

Asi mutemo Malus, mhedziso riri akagadzira kumusoro, haritauri kuti yakadaro nzira polarization huru uye chete. Kune vamwe.

Chero mudziyo rinoshandiswa kuti polar mwaranzi yechiedza anonzi polarizer. Asi zviri kudzidzwa uye kuongororwa kushandisa analyzer.

Somuenzaniso, pane crystals maviri, izvo akaronga chimwe shure mumwe zvokuti namasanhu zvinoumba necheparutivi. wokutanga miss chiedza The vane Vector yemagetsi anorayirwa newokuti ayo akabatana. The chezvinonhuwira danda kusimba achapiwa kunonoka sekristaro wechipiri. Uye pashure maviri Polaroid ichava chete kureba yemagetsi vectors. Nemamwe mashoko, nhamba intensities izvi ndizvo Proportional kuti mativi ose amplitude.

Saka zvinobva zvareva kuti chiedza nomunyika analyzer, nesimba rayo isimba danda, vachienda kuburikidza polarizer nokumuwanzira kubudikidza cosine iri pakona pakati pavo pachivara. reshiyo Iri kutanga kuti rinotsanangura mutemo Malus.

Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira uye kaviri refraction chiedza mwaranzi, izvo chinhu chinokosha pfuma kana achipfuura crystals. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa maererano zvinhu varipo mu nharaunda anizatropa Mashoko chiedza. Somuenzaniso, kutuma sekristaro spar yakatetepa chiedza danda wakati agura payo, pachava vaviri vakaparadzana matanda kuti zvinofanana kune mumwe. Izvi zvichaitika chero zvazvingava, kunyange kana chiedza chiri chiitiko pamusoro sekristaro iri chakaipa chinzvimbo. Mumwe wavo anonzi nevakawanda uye ari kuenderera chezvinhu danda, uye wechipiri - kujairika nokuti ane pfuma kutsauka.