Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece: The Story atari uye mufananidzo

Cathedral of Saint Bavo muBelgian muguta rinonzi Ghent ndiyo nyika yakakurumbira inobvuma atari yayo - the Nyanzvi mukurusa mangwanani Renaissance mufananidzo kwenguva, kuti Implementation ari Flemish Artist Yanom Van Ake. Rinoumbwa makumi maviri nezvina ukomba kuratidza nhamba yevanhu mazana maviri namakumi masere mashanu, rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece vakapinda nyika uri nhoroondo sezvo rimwe mukuru mabasa munhambo ayo.

hama Painters

Nhoroondo rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece rakatanga muna 1417, apo vagari vakapfuma muguta rinonzi Ghent Jos Veidt akarayira hama dzake mbiri - Artists Hubert uye Yanu Van Eykam - kumba kwake chapero, izvo akazova tsvenetsvene Church Bova, apo rounyanzvi ikozvino. Kubva magwaro tinoziva kuti mutengi wake Isabella Borlyut, wakararama upenyu refu pamwe chete, akaramba asina mwana, uye, achiziva kuti kunyengeterera kuzorora pashure porufu mweya yavo ichava hapana vakaedza kuita kuti kusavapo yakadaro raRute munamato.

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika uye unyanzvi kare, mukuru mukoma - Hubert - aiitawo yayo mangwanani Danho chete, saka, vakanyora hombe saizi mabasa anonzi kuna Ian munun'una wake anenge chete. Information about hwake nani kuomera. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akazvarwa muguta Maaseik muna Northern kuNetherlands, asi musi chaiwo waakaberekwa biographers ake rinonzi kurasikirwa, badzi kuti zvingaitika munenge 1385-1390 makore.

Jan Van Eyck, kuzvipira asian riri pana panotangira nyaya, akadzidza kupenda pamwechete Hubert mukoma wake uye vakamboshanda naye kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1426. chipangamazano wake zvinozivikanwa kuti pakati vomuzuva rake, akabudirira zvikuru somumwe yakanakisisa vemifananidzo, asi isu hatigoni kutonga nezvebasa rake, nokuti hapana richiripo nanhasi. Kana John, tarenda rake vaikoshesa vapfumi vanoitisana nguva - Duke pakati Burgundy Philip II, uyo akamuita painter mudare uye haana skimp pamusoro rupo mari. Kubva Life Jan Van Eyck, maererano nedzimwe manyuko, muna 1441, uye pane dzimwe - muna 1442-m. Zviri kwaari uye vakabvunza Jos Veidt kuda kuita zvakanaka zvikuru kuti yake yaakaberekerwa rinonzi Ghent.

Jan Van Eyck: The rinonzi Ghent altarpiece. tsananguro

Atari, mune mubvunzo, ndizvo polyptych, kuti ari Kumbofungatira hombe, zvinosanganisira yoga ukomba, dzakapendwa kumativi ose. Magadzirirwo unokubvumira kubata ive rakazaruka kana Akanyatsovharwa chimiro. zvachose kukwirira kwayo akaenzana matatu nehafu, uye upamhi - mamita mashanu. Izvi mamiriro akanaka anoyera inopfuura tani.

Nhoroondo anofananidzirwa paaritari wamapapiro uye nechepakati mugove waro, muri dzinotevedzana yebhaibheri mifananidzo, muchimiro umo zvavari zvichishandurwa ne nevaKaturike. Iye anomira pamberi vateereri nhevedzano mifananidzo kubudikidza Old uye Testamende Itsva, kutanga Adhamu anopera kuwa yechibairo rufu uye achikudza peGwayana. The vakawanda sezvamunoita kwaisanganisira uyewo musoro chaizvo akaita Portraits mutengi wake.

Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece, mufananidzo uko munyaya iyi, zvikuru kunzwisisa marongerwo. In aro okumusoro chinokosha dimikira Mwari Baba, iye anogara pachigaro choushe. On kwaari rwehute jasi mupristi uye yemisangano tiaara. On nendarama Ribbon aishongedza mubhokisi, unogona kuverenga shoko "wehondo" - ndiro zita raMwari, Musiki wezvinhu zvose. Nedivi kwaari mufananidzo wemhandara Mariya uye Ioanna Krestitelya. More ngirozi vanoratidzwa pamusoro chete pachiyero, kuridza zviridzwa, uye pakupedzisira, panguva kumicheto - mushwi inofananidza Adhamu naEvha.

Pazasi sezvinhu kunamata weGwayana Mutsvene, inomiririra Jesu Kristu. Kwaari kumativi mana kutungamirira muitiro, zvinosanganisira mubhaibheri vatambi vaviri, uye vatsvene, varumbidze Mwari akazotevera munguva. Pakati pavo vane thinly rakafukidzwa inofananidza vaprofita, vaapostora, kutenda, uye kunyange nyanduri Virgil. Side ichibhabhamisa ari pasi mutsara vari akafukidzwa nemifananidzo Mafambiro yavatsvene.

mufananidzo musoro vatambi

Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece, nhoroondo pakusika iro chokuita private murayiro, tsika makore iwayo vakaramba ukomba hwawo uye zvifananidzo vanhu, vane mari yakanga zvakasikwa. Ava Portraits pamusoro Jos Veidt wake Isabella Borlyut rakanyorwa nenzira yakadaro kuti Fafitera anoona navo chete kana ichibhabhamisa dzakavharika. Mifananidzo, nokuda kwaizvozvo, vamwe zvidimbu zvakaitwa pamwe achirova realism akasasiya mubvunzo kuti ichi ndicho mufananidzo zvinoitwa nevapenyu.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ose mabasa Yana Van Eyck, uye ikozvino kuziva kupfuura remakore, akarova vatevedzere nzeve kese, kunyanya kuoneka pamusoro reproductions akaita kushandisa makrofoto. Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece kuti inogona muenzaniso wakajeka. Zvakatikwanira kuti funga mufananidzo Ioanna Krestitelya, nechokwadi chokuti bhuku Muruvoko rwake, inonyatsotsanangurwa kuitira kuti zviri nyore kuti kunze wacho tsamba pamapeji aro. Zvinozivikanwa kuti the artist pashure munin'ina wake afa kwamakore gumi namatanhatu vakaramba kunatsiridza uye mukwanisi munhu zvimedu rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece zvakasikwa naye (1426-1442). Jan Van Eyck, basa iri kwakaita kuti nhamba zvakanakisisa Painters munguva yake.

History, unmatched

Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck ane nyaya panyaya aigona nohwupi kubvisa imwe yevedza dzinoratidza. Vaongorori akaverenga kuti nyaya Paaidzidzisa pamusoro mazana matanhatu naye gumi mhosva dzaibatanidzwa. Zvakasiyana chete akapambwa, muchivande uye pachena aivigirwa, vakanga vachiedza kutengesa, kupa, kuzvipisa uye putika. It akaratidza mumamiziyamu uye caching. Asi mugumo aizofanira nacho, mushure zvose vatsungirire mudenderedzwa madzungairiro ake ave kure nomutauro wake rinonzi Ghent, kwaakanga nanhasi.

Nguva yehondo dzechitendero

Kamwe muna 1432, basa paaritari yakanga yapera, akapedza makore makumi maviri namasere akanga norugare, achiita manzwiro ungano dzechitendero. Asi muna 1460, boka duku uye akadzikama kusvikira Flanders akava zviziviswe ne hondo pakati nevaPurotesitendi, vakapinda shingirira hondo.

Victory muhondo iyi yakahwina Mapurotesitenzi, waiva wokutanga kwakakomba bvunzo aritari. Chokwadi ndechokuti, vateveri Calvin - zamu iconoclasts, uye rokutora guta, vakatanga tsitsi kuparadza kereke Catholic, achiparadza zvifananidzo zvose vechitendero, kusanganisira mifananidzo uye zvivezwa. Atari kuponeswa chete kuti zvakanzi namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara nenguva uye kazhinji tucked kure ari Church shongwe, uko yaichengetwa kwemakore matatu.

Kana guruva makasimbiswa, uye kuparadzirwa chinozunguzirwa zvikanyarara, ivo vakundi akawanikwa, pakupedzisira, rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece, uye akaenda kuripa Queen Elizabeth ari kuonga British kubatsirwa neuto. By kumanikidzwa immigration kakasaririra kuponeswa chete chokuti venhaka Jos Veidt vanhu vakanga vane kwete chete pakati pevaKaturike asi pakati dzavo dzechitendero vavengi.

Tanetseka chaizvo, vakakwanisa kudzivisa asingashumbi ichi. In England aritari haana kuenda, asi kuuita Cathedral of Calvin havabvumirwi. Somugumisiro, mumwe musarudze vakazobvumirana - disassembled kupinda vakaparadzana zvimedu, ndiko muunganidzwa emifananidzo, wakashongedzwa guta horo, yakanga yakanaka chingaitwa naye, sezvo dzinovimbisa makachengeteka.

Muna 1581 iri rinonzi Ghent akatanga zvakare ropa pane zvavanotenda, asi nguva ino kubudirira uto akachinja nevaPurotesitendi. Kusiyana Northern Netherlands, Flanders akava Catholic. Kuburikidza chiitiko ichi rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck yaiva shure panzvimbo. nguva ino haana kunetsa mazana maviri nemakore, asi mukasaatarira vave kuziva akafamba muEurope, yeAustria Emperor Joseph II.

kutukwa dzakachena

Ichi-gore makumi mana okuberekwa, uye kwete munhu aiva inotyisa akaberekera uye munyengeri. Kuzvininipisa kwake kwakanga kwaitwa maonero mushwi inofananidza Adhamu naEvha. Kuti varege kukanganisa ukama hwakadaro mukuru-moralist, nebhanhire pamwe mwero mifananidzo namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye akapiwa kuti iiswe muimba venhaka aimbova muridzi.

Zviya, achitarira mberi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange mune hwakanyatsorwisa anodzvinyirira nguva yedu, muna 1865, paiva nomumwe zvakawanda shasha tsika pakati vakuru vakuru. At chikumbiro chake rapfuura mufananidzo Adhamu naEvha vakanga yakatsiviwa vatsva, uko madzitateguru wokutanga munhu akashongera akapfeka dzimwe zvisingafungidziriki hombodo, yakafanana nebere.

In pakutapwa Napoleon

Akatevera naka zvaitika rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece muna 1792. Chiri vaipinda ipapo masoja Napoleon raMwari unceremoniously namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara uye musimboti chikamu akatumwa Paris, kwavakagamuchirwa hwakaratidza panguva Louvre. Kuvaona, Napoleon akafara uye aida kuva wakakwana yakatarwa.

Zvisinei, munguva ino mamiriro enyika zvakachinja, uye muzvare munyika yokumwe nezvose mwoyo, zvakanga zvisingaiti. Zvino akakumbira vakuru rinonzi Ghent, mukutsinhana zvisipo chikamu aritari mifananidzo shoma nokuda Rubens, asi akanga aramba. Rakanga chisarudzo chakarurama, sezvo muna 1815, mushure mokuparara Napoleon, chikamu chakabiwa dzearitari vakadzoka munzvimbo yayo Cathedral of Saint Bavo.

Sin Church mumiriri

Asi ichi chakanga zvomunyama ake haana kugumira ipapo. New zvakasimbisa kwavari mumiriri yacho Church. Izvi zviri pachena rechina mufundisi weChirungu ainzi aiva dambudziko nemurayiro rechisere waMwari, iyo inoti: ". Usaba" Achiidzwa, atora chikamu ukomba uye vakatengesa antiikki munyengeri wavo Nivenhosu, izvo pamwe muteresi Sallie resold navo Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III, uyewo haana kuzeza kuisa zvinhu chakabiwa wake Kaiser Muzeum.

Pakutanga First World vokuGermany vakapinda Belgium, atanga kutsvaka akasara kumativi pearitari rinonzi Ghent. Sezvineiwo, vakaronga ugororo chaitadzisa chinyorwa pamusoro Cathedral of St. Bavo Van the Gein. With navabatsiri vake ina namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece uye kazhinji tucked kure mune yokuvanda panzvimbo yakachengeteka, apo iye akaramba kusvikira 1918. Pashure pehondo, inobva zvemupiro Versailles Treaty, akanga adzoka munzvimbo yaro yakakodzera, uye avo kare zvabiwa rukudzo, akatenga Mambo Prussia.

irreparable kurasikirwa

Asi hazvisi nguva dzose kuedza rapera saka vachifara. Chimwe kuba kwakaitika muna 1934. Zvino akanyangarika pasi tsarukano bapiro paaritari mufananidzo mudungwe akarurama vatongi. Zvino musi April 11, uye pashure pemwedzi minomwe nehafu honorary mugari rinonzi Ghent ARSENE Kudertir, avete kuda kufa, akapupura kuti ndiye akaita kuba, uye kunyange vane nzvimbo yokuhwanda zvakabiwa. Zvisinei, cache ichi chaiva chinhu. Find kurasikirwa uye akatadza, uye nokukurumidza zvisipo chikamu chikatsiviwa kopi akaita by the artist Van Der Fekenom.

Vava kuda rufu

Asi chinonyanya kwakanyanya yenhoroondo kwayo kwakabatana makore Second World War. nevaFascist zveBelgium vaida kupa Hitler vakadzikama dzinoratidza. Pashure chadzera, kwakasarudzwa kupa mumwe Paaidzidzisa, iro akashongera guta ravo Jan Van Eyck. Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara kamwe zvakare ndokuendeswa nerori France, paakange achengeterwe imwe nguva ari Castle Pau.

Nechekare muna September 1942, mushumiri Command German akaratidza chinya uye aida kuti mhanyisa kuchinjwa kwavari pearitari. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, akaendeswa kuna Paris, apo panguva iyoyo yakapedzwa zhinji batch mangé Museum tsika, aida kuti ainge atumirwa kune Germany. Mumwe Exhibits yakanyorerwa Museum yaHitler muLinz, uye mumwe - kuti munhu kuunganidzwa Goering. Aritariwo akachinjirwa Bavaria uye akaisa muna Neuschwanstein Castle.

Ikoko akagara kusvikira pakuguma hondo, apo muna 1945 murayiro German akanga asina kuitwa sarudzo pamusoro kuvigwa ounyanzvi pfuma iri akasiyiwa zvimbambaira eSalzburg. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, crates namabasa ounyanzvi, pakati pavo avo umo rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece, vakanga zvakavanzika yakadzika pasi pevhu. Zvisinei, mumatsutso, kana kuparara Third Reich akava chisingadzivisiki, kumuzinda Rosenberg akapiwa kuti vaparadzwe.

Zvaitika mazana ounyanzvi vakatsunga mashoma maminitsi pamberi kuputika, kana apedzera kwakajeka oparesheni, asi yangu yeAustria vakatapa guerrillas. Nokuda heroism wavo akanga aponesa mifananidzo dzakawanda vatenzi okuberekwa, pakati rinova brainchild womufananidzo nezita Jan Van Eyck. Rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece, chishamiso akapukunyuka rufu, akaendeswa Munich uye ipapo akaenda kumba kwake rinonzi Ghent. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yaro yakakodzera iri Cathedral of Saint Bavo, akatora makore chete makumi mana gare gare, muna 1986.

City Museum

Mazuvano zviduku ukuru muBelgian guta rinonzi Ghent kudzai mazita vemifananidzo maviri makuru - Charles de Coster, uyo akanyora ake asingafi "kusvikira Eulenspiegel" uye Yana Van Eyck, akasika rinonzi Ghent Altarpiece. Description avakuru zvinoyevedza kukosha kwayo chigadzirwa anogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku ose.

Vave kuziva, akanga kusvikira XVI remakore, rechipiri pakukura pashure Paris, guta European, nhasi hachisisina aimbova kukosha. vagari vemo ndiyo zviuru chete 240. Man. Naizvozvo Belgians edza kuramba vachiwana mufananidzo weguta Museum, kuti zvirambe zviripo yakakurumbira akapona vemazera ose uye ngozi pearitari, uyewo mabasa nokuda vemifananidzo akasiyana eras vanoonekwa muGuta Museum of Arts Akanaka.