Quaternary nguva yeCenozoic era: tsanangudzo, nhoroondo uye vagari vemo

Yekupedzisira geological uye yezvino-day Quaternary nguva yakasarudzwa muna 1829 naasayendisiti Jules Denouye. MuRussia inonziwo anthropogenic. Munyori wezita iri muna 1922 aiva geologist Alexei Pavlov. Nokutanga kwake, aida kusimbisa kuti iyi ndiyo nguva inobatanidzwa nechitarisiko chevanhu.

Kusiyana kwenguva

Mukuenzanisa nedzimwe nguva dze geological, iyo Quaternary nguva inoratidzirwa nekureba kwenguva pfupi (mamiriyoni 1,65 mamiriyoni chete). Kuenderera mberi nhasi, inoramba isina kukwana. Chimwe chiitiko ndechokuvapo muQuaternary sediments yezvasara zvevanhu. Iyi nguva inoratidzwa nehuwandu uye yakajeka yemamiriro ekunze kuchinja kwakakonzera mamiriro ezvinhu emhuka.

Kakawanda kunowedzera kukonzera kunotonhora kwakaita kuti kuve kwemazuva ekumusoro kwemaodzanyemba uye kunyura kwemafuro akadzika. Kushambidzika kwakakonzera chaiyo zvakashata. Sedimentary formations yemakore ekupedzisira anozivikanwa neurongwa hwakaoma hwechikamu, chirevo chechinguva chiduku chekuumbwa uye variegated zvidzidzo. Iyo Quaternary nguva inogoverwa kuva epochs (kana masangano): Pleistocene uye Holocene. Muganhu uri pakati pavo unenge uri pamakore gumi nemaviri akapfuura.

Kutama kwemafuta nemhuka

Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, nguva yeQuaternary yaizivikanwa nechepedyo nemasikirwo emazuva ano nemhuka. Kuchinja muhomwe iyi kwakaderera zvakakwana pane zvakakonzera kupisa nekudziya. Nekutanga kwekuya kwemafuta ane rudo anoenda kune zasi ndokusanganiswa nevatorwa. Penguva yekuwedzera kunoreva kutonhora, tsvina yakaitika yakaitika. Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa yehuni inotonhora, inzvimbo dzakasvibirira uye dzinotyisa uye zvipenyu zvinowedzera zvikuru. Kwenguva yakati, sangano rose re tundra rezvisikwa zvenyika rakanyangarika.

Flora yaifanira kushandura kanoverengeka kumakadhi ekuchinja mamiriro ekuvapo. Nhamo dzakawanda panguva ino dzakaratidza Quaternary nguva. Kupindira kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaunza kukonzera kwemafremuflef uye maitiro akazara, pamwe nekuwedzera kwemhando yemhando dzakasviba.

Kuchinja kwemhuka

Kuchinja kunonyanya kuzivikanwa mhuka yemhuka kwakakanganisa zvikara (kunyanya kusungirirwa uye proboscis Northern Hemisphere). MuPleistocene, nhamba dzakawanda dzehutemophilic dzakafa nekuda kwekukwirira kwemamiriro ekunze. Panguva imwe chete, nokuda kwechikonzero chimwechete, mhuka mitsva yakaonekwa, zviri nani kuchinjwa muupenyu muupenyu hwemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa. Chirongwa chayo chakasvibiswa nekuparara kwemhuka panguva yeDnieper glaciation (300-250 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura). Panguva imwecheteyo, kunotonhora kwakagadzirisa kuumbwa kwechikwata chepuratifomu muQuaternary nguva.

Pakupera kwePliocene, kumaodzanyemba kweEastern Europe yaiva musha wemasodhoni, nhefu dzekumaodzanyemba, mhondi, mawere anonzi saber-toothed, Etruscan rhinoceroses, nezvimwewo. Kumadokero kweNyika Yekare makagara mhou uye mvuu. Zvisinei, ikozvino muPakutanga Pleistocene mhuka yemhuka yakatanga kuchinja zvakanyanya. Nekutanga kweDnieper glaciation, vazhinji vanonzi thermophilic vakatamira kumaodzanyemba. Muchikamu chimwe chete, kugoverwa kwenzvimbo yemaruva kwakashanduka. Nguva yeCenozoic (iyo Quaternary nguva kunyanya) yakaedzwa maitiro ese ehupenyu nesimba.

Quaternary bestiary

Pamuganhu wekumaodzanyemba kweGracier, mhando dzakadai semammoth, mvere dzemvere dzemvere dzemvere dzemvere dzemvere dzemvere dzemakwai, mutsara , musk muskox, lemmings, vakwegura vachena vanoonekwa kwekutanga. Vose vavo vaigara munzvimbo dzinotonhora chete. Mashumba emombe, mabheya, hyenas, giant rhinoceroses uye zvimwe kupisa-kupisa usati wagara munzvimbo idzi dzakapera.

Mamiriro okunze anotonhora akaiswa muCaucasus, muAlps, Carpathians nePyrenees, iyo yakamanikidza marudzi mazhinji ezvisikwa kusiya mitsuwa ndokugara mumipata. Nyeredy rhinoceroses uye mammoths vakatora kunyange kumaodzanyemba kweEurope (kusataura nezveSiberia yose, kwavakabva kuNorth America). Mhuka dzakasununguka dzeAustralia, South America, South neCentral Africa dzinochengetedzwa nekuda kwekuzviparadzanisa kwayo kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Mammoths nemamwe mhuka, zvakanyatsoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro okunze akaoma, akafa kunze kwekutanga kweHolocene. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, pasinei nemafungiro akawanda, pamusoro pe2/3 yenyika yepasi hazvina kumbobvira yakanganiswa nechando.

Kukura kwevanhu

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kutsanangurwa kwakasiyana-siyana kweChaternary nguva inogona kuita pasina "anthropogenic". Kukurumidza kukurudzirwa kwevanhu ndicho chiitiko chakakosha zvikuru munguva ino yekare. Nzvimbo yekuonekwa kwevanhu vekare kare nhasi iEast Africa.

Nzvimbo yeAncestral yemunhu wemazuva ano - australopithecines, yemhuri yemagetsi. Maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana, ivo vakatanga kubuda muAfrica makore mamiriyoni akapfuura. Zvishoma nezvishoma the australopithecines yakava bipedal uye omnivorous. Anenge mamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura vakadzidza kuita zvigadzirwa zvekare. Nokudaro murume ane unyanzvi akaonekwa . Mamiriyoni emakore apfuura, Pithecanthropus yakaumbwa, iyo yakasara inowanikwa muGermany, Hungary neChina.

Neanderthals nevanhu vemazuva ano

Makore mazana matatu emakore akapfuura pane paleanthropines (kana Neanderthals), yakapera makore makumi maviri nemazana akapfuura. Mitambo yemabasa avo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba uye dzakadzikama dzeEurope. Paleanthropines yakatsiviwa nevanhu vemazuva ano (neoanthropes kana homo sapines). Vaive vokutanga kupinda muAmerica neAustralia, uye vakanyorawo zviwi zvezviwi zvakawanda zvegungwa.

Kakava neanthropine yekare kare yakange isina kusiyana nevanhu vemazuva ano. Vanogadzirisa zvakanaka nekukurumidza kumamiriro ekushandura kwemamiriro ekunze uye vakanyatsoziva kuti vangashandisa sei dombo. Izvi zvakagadzirwa nemapfupa emhando, zvigadzirwa zvemitambo zvekare, zvinhu zvekunaka, zvishongo.

Nguva yeQuaternary kumaodzanyemba kweRussia yakasiya mabhuku akawanda ekuchera matongo anoenderana neanthropines. Zvisinei, ivo vakazosvika kumaodzanyemba. Vanhu vanoyevedza vakadzidza kurarama nekubatsirwa nehuto nguo uye moto. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, Quaternary nguva yeWestern Siberia yakaratidzwawo nekuwedzera kwevanhu vakaedza kuziva nzvimbo itsva. Makore zviuru mashanu apfuura Bronze Age yakatanga , makore 3 000 akapfuura - Iron Age. Panguva imwe chete muMesopotamiya, Egypt neMediterranean mafikiti yekare kare yakaberekwa.

Mineral resources

Masayendisiti akaparadzaniswa mumapoka akawanda emaminerari, izvo zvakasiyira Quaternary nguva. Dzimba dzemakumi ezviuru ekupedzisira dzinotaura kune dzakasiyana-siyana zvepakiti, zvisingatauriki uye zvinopisa zvinoshandiswa, zvigadzirwa zve sedimentary kubva. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa neyemagetsi ose anozivikanwa. Iyo inonyanya kukosha yemaminerari eQataternary nguva: goridhe, madhaimondi, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon.

Mukuwedzera, simbi yesimbi yegungwa uye yakasikwa yakakosha zvikuru. Iko rimwe boka rinosanganisira manganese uye mednonadadievye mari. Kubatana kwakadaro kwakajairika muNyika yeNyika.

Pfuma yematumbo

Kunyange nanhasi, equatorial uye dzinopisa matombo eQuaternary nguva inoramba ichiwedzera. Somugumisiro weiyi nzira laterite inoumbwa. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvakafukidzwa nealuminium uye simbi uye inokosha yeAfrica mineral. Mishonga inotakura mitambo yemafuta akafanana inowanikwa mune nickel, cobalt, mhangura, manganese, uyewo inopisa ivhu.

MuQuaternary nguva inokosha isina mineralal mineral yakaonekwa zvakare. Aya ndiwo matombo (ayo anoshandiswa zvikuru mukuvaka), kuumba uye gorosi senzi, potasium uye marashi salir, sulfur, borates, peat, uye lignite. Mune zvinyorwa zveQuaternary pasi pemvura yakavharwa, iyo ndiyo inonyanya kunwa mvura yakachena yekunwa. Usakanganwa nezvemvura inopisa uye yakaoma. Pakati pese, nguva yekupedzisira ye geological ndiyo inoramba iine korona yekugadzirwa kwemagariro eEpasi, iyo yakatanga makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni mana akapfuura.