Polyethylene - chii ichi? Kushandiswa polyethylene

Chii Pe? Ndezvipi zvachiri? Sei kugadzirwa polyethylene? Iyi mibvunzo inonakidza chaizvo kuti zvinofanira munyaya ino.

Vhuṱanzi

Polyethylene - a kemikari inova ngetani kabhoni maatomu, chimwe nechimwe hwakabatana pamwe mamorekuru maviri rehydrogen. Pasinei kuvapo chete nziyo, asi pane shanduro mbiri. avo akasiyana nechivako dzavo, uye somugumisiro, zvivako. Wokutanga ndiwo cheni Linear umo mwero polymerization akapfuudza indekisi zviuru zvishanu. The mamiriro chechipiri - a branching pamusoro 4-6 kabhoni maatomu kuti vasiyana huru cheni nemunhu nzira zvemasanga. Sezvo rehurukuro yaunganidzwa Linear polyethylene? Izvi runowanikwa kushandiswa anokosha catalysts, izvo zvinokanganisa polyolefins pa mwero tembiricha (kusvika 150 Celsius) uye kumanikidzwa (20 atmospheres). Asi chii? Tinoziva ayo zvemakemikari zvivako, uye zviri zvino panyama?

Chii?

Polyethylene - a thermoplastic polymer, umo crystallization kwacho rinoitwa panguva tembiricha zvishoma pane kubvisa 60 Celsius. Hazvina segirazi mune gobvu rukoko haisi wetted nemvura, zvinoita zvokufembedzwa pa nzvimbo tembiricha haisi kukanganiswa. Kana tembiricha kwazvo 80 Celsius, mumatenhere rinoitwa pakutanga, uye zvino kuora kuti zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon uye halogen nomukaka. Polyethylene - a venhumbi unopikiana rwakashata simba zvinogadzirisa pamusoro acids, munyu uye alkalis. Asi kana tembiricha kwazvo 60 Celsius, unogona kukurumidza nokuputsanya nitric uye sulfuric acids. Nokuti Muitiro unobatanidza Polyethylene zvigadzirwa vangave kupatsanurwa oxidants, zvichiteverwa kushanda anodiwa zvinhu.

Sei kugadzirwa polyethylene?

Nokuti chinangwa ichi:

• Nzira mukuru-kumanikidzwa (yakaderera arambe achirema). Polyethylene akasikwa ari mukuru kumanikidzwa, riri zvinobva 1 000 kusvika 3, 000 atmospheres ari tembiricha kuti 180 Celsius. Sezvo okisijeni mabasa ive initiator.
• Nzira shoma kumanikidzwa (kumusoro arambe achirema). Muchiitiko chino, polyethylene akasikwa ari kumanikidzwa iri kanenge kashanu atmospheres uye tembiricha 80 Celsius achiedza makemikari solvent uye Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
• Uye vachiravana ndiyo Linear polyethylene kugadzirwa inaye, akataura pamusoro. Hazvina zvenguva pakati vekutanga nevechipiri pfungwa.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ichi handicho chete ruzivo anoshandiswa. Saka, zvakajairika mazuva ano uye zvakawanda ndiyo kushandiswa metallocene catalysts. Zvinoreva zvigadzirwa izvi kuti kuburikidza nawo vawane wandei kurema polymer, nokudaro vachiwedzera simba chigadzirwa. Zvichienderana mhando mamiriro uye zvivako zvinokosha paaishandisa monomer, uye rinoshandiswa kusarudza nzira womuchato. Uyewo, zvimwe kufurira utsotso tembiricha zvinodiwa, mukurumari, noukukutu uye arambe achirema.

Nei pane musiyano simba?

Chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti kusiyana zvivako - nayo mapazi macromolecules. Nokudaro, yakakura zviri, rezasi uye yakakwirira crystallinity polymer elasticity. Nei izvi zvichikosha? Chokwadi chokuti zvemaziso ehupfumi kuti polyethylene varikukura pamwe ayo arambe achirema uye samolecular uremu. Ngatimboonai kukurumidza muenzaniso. The polyethylene pepa rine wandei Rigidity uye pachena. Asi kana uchinwa yakaderera arambe achirema nzira, kunoguma zvinhu vachava mukana wokushandiswa pfupi yakanaka uye hama maonero kuburikidza nawo. Nei aigadzira siyana siyana kudaro? Nokuda kusiyana uchishandisa mamiriro. Somuenzaniso, polyethylene kuzvigona chete kuvhunduka mitoro. Iye inobvumira chando. The uchishandisa tembiricha siyana ichi zvinhu - kubva -70 kusvika +60 Celsius. Kunyange zvazvo munhu inoratidza zviri chakatorwa kuti siyanei gradient - uye kubva -120 kusvika +100. Izvi kuchinjwa arambe achirema kuti polyethylene wayo chivako panguva samolecular chechetere.

The specificity mashoko

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa rimwe drawback - kukurumidza kuchembera zviri polyethylene. Asi uku nyore remedied. Inosimudzira upenyu basa zvinoitwa chaiwo yokuvirisa, antioxidants, mune basa zvinogona kuita kabhoni dema, phenols kana amines. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa Zvisinei, kuti pasi arambe achirema zvinhu zvakawanda viscous, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti kuiswa muzvikamu zvigadzirwa. Tisingatauri, uye zvemagetsi zvivako. Polyethylene nokuti asiri polar polymer chinhu yepamusoro soro-Frequency dielectric. Nokuda kwaizvozvi kugara uye nokurasikirwa tangent ne zvishoma kuchinja mwando kuchinja, tembiricha (mu kuwanda -80 kusvika +100) uye kakawanda electric munda. Pano tinofanira kuona chimwe chinhu. Saka, kana mune polyethylene vari tiwedzere residues, izvozvo runogonesa kuti dielectric kurasikirwa tangent, iyo inosvitsa mumwe Kuipa insulating zvivako. Zvakanaka, zvino tiri zvinonyatsorehwa mamiriro ezvinhu akanga aongorora. Zvino ngatitarise teererai chaizvo.

Chii yakakwirira arambe achirema polyethylene?

Izvi kwakavharwa nenyama chiedza crystallizable zvinhu ane kupisa kuramba iri zvinobva -80 kusvika +100 Celsius. It ane kupenyerera penyika. Vitrification kunotangira -20. A utsotso - iri kuwanda 120-135. Maitiro ndiwo akanaka zvazvinoita simba uye nokupisa nemishonga. arambe achirema polyethylene yekudyidzana zvazvinoita zvichiguma ehupfumi. Saka, pamwe inokura simba, kuomarara, noukukutu uye makemikari nemishonga. Asi panguva imwecheteyo zvinoderedza pfungwa ruoko uye permeability kuti magasi uye mhute. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvinokambaira kuti kunoitika munguva mutoro refu. polyethylene kwakadaro pakugadzira inert, uye hunogona kungoparara zvishandiswezve. Ndezvipiko chaizvo munyika yanhasi. Achitaura pamusoro pokushandiswa polyethylene, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi kavha uye mumagaba. Saka, vanenge chetatu kugadzirwa anobuda kusika munhu mudziyo ichivhuvhuta kuumbwa rinoshandiswa yaigadzira zvokudya, zvizoro, motokari, mutengi, simba minda nemafirimu. Asi unogona kuwanikwa kana kusika chubhu nenyere nhengo. An chinokosha mukana uyu acho mukurumari zvayo, pasi mari uye nyore nomoto.

Low arambe achirema polyethylene

Izvi kwakavharwa nenyama chiedza crystallizable zvinhu pamwe nekupisa nemishonga (pasina mutoro) iri zvinobva -120 kusvika +90 Celsius. Properties vari zvakasimba novimba arambe achirema ari zvichiguma zvinhu. Saka pane kuwedzera simba, zvakaoma, kuomarara uye makemikari nemishonga. Pamwe chete ichi polyethylene ukobvu kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa matambudziko simba, elongation, kutsemuka kurwisa uye permeability kuti magasi uye mhute. Uyezve, hachisi ndeiya yakaita siyana kugadzikana uye yekudyidzana inokanganisa pachidiwa yakaderera zvinorema. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa zvechokwadi yakakwirira zvemakemikari nemishonga uye kwazvo dielectric maitiro. Kubva kunaka - on polyethylene vari mafuta dzakaipa, mafuta uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi. Biology inert, inogona nyore zvishandiswezve. Uyewo vachiri kuzivikanwa sezvo husingakwanisi nemwaranzi. Kushandisa mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene anogona kuonekwa vakawanda paaisika zvekushandisa, zvokudya uye nemafirimu zvokurima. Kunyange zvazvo, Chokwadi, hakusi iko kuzvipedza.

Linear polyethylene

It is kwakavharwa nenyama zvinhu crystallizes. It angakudzivisai tembiricha kusvika 118 Celsius. Chimwe chakanakira chinokosha ichi acho kurwisa wayo Cracking, kupisa kuramba nezvainoita simba. Rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzira Mabhokisi, midziyo uye midziyo. Chii anopa Pe? Zvinoitwa ichi zvinhu zvakakwirira chaizvo zvichienzaniswa tendero muri wakagadzirwa nzira yakaderera kumanikidzwa. Saka, iye ane pfuma yakanaka. Asi zvakadaro, sezvo mutemo, hazvigoni kuenzaniswa rurefu-kumanikidzwa polyethylene.

Sezvo inogona anomiririrwa zvinhu?

Saka, taona rakafukidza dzinokosha marudzi polyethylene. In chii chimiro nayo zvakasikwa? Yakakurumbira kupfuura - a polyethylene jira firimu. siyana izvi anogona kugadzirwa kubva chero zvinhu arambe achirema. Kunyange zvakadaro pane zvimwe zvaunoda. Saka, nokuti kugadzirwa kuchinja uye dzakaonda mafirimu zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandiswa pasi kumanikidzwa kutaura. Upamhi vakawana zvinhu, yemanyorero kunosvika 1400 neMM, urefu - 300 metres. Linear pasi arambe achirema polyethylene uye chandagwinyira, zvisinei, vari kushandiswa zvivako izvo haafaniri kukanganiswa: zvakafanana machira, kuumbwa uye kuumbwa nyaya uye zvichingodaro.

mhedziso

Uye pakupedzisira, tisingatauri pamutemo zvinyorwa, maererano izvo uye dzikabereka polyethylene. GOST 16338-85 anokonzera kugadzirwa icho akasika yakaderera kumanikidzwa. It unoshanda zvakawanda muna 1985. GOST 16337-77 anodzora nhau chokuita mukuru-kumanikidzwa polyethylene. Ndiye kunyanya akwegura uye yakatanga kusvika 1977 gore. Zvinyorwa izvi normative ane ruzivo pamusoro zvinodiwa kuti zvinhu iyo anogadzirwa uye firimu, kavha nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa siyana. Uyezve, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvakawanda pokushandisa zvigadzirwa vakawana wayo mhando kusiyana. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zvakajairika chaizvo Akazadzisa polyethylene firimu. peculiarity yavo ndechokuti nokuti chete ukobvu ndivo musoro uye pamapfudzi pamusoro zvivako zvavo kupfuura kwakajairika chigadzirwa ivhu. Of chete zvakasimbisa polyethylene mafirimu kuti tablecloths, mabhegi uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvinhu. ehupfumi vavo vari kuwanikwa pakatanga dzinokosha pemavara kubva dzinongoitika kana chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers.