The ndege pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka. VTOL

Pakawanda uye kunaka zvakagadzirwa anosanganisa rakasiyana avhiyesheni michina - VTOL. The yakanakisisa mupfungwa Russia, England uye United States-refu kukura uye kufambisira ndiwedzere dzavo yakasimbiswa makwikwi kunozivikanwa womuenzaniso. Kuwedzera nokukurumidza, ndege kukwira, payload, uye kurwisana unhu chokuita rinorema basa zvechigarire kuvandudzika yacho ndege injini. Ndizvo akaita ndege pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka chikuru chawo Unit Air Force wenyika masimba.

The yokutanga mira

Pakutanga experimentally hwakagadzwa 1954 godu unyanzvi wehunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara aifanira kuva Model 65 Air Test Vehicle. Engineered magadzirirwo kwaisanganisira pamusoro anowanika pamberi aggregates dzakasiyana avhiyesheni zviumbu - fuselage uye wehunyambiri muswe vakanga akakweretwa kubva airframe, mapapiro - ndege Cessna Model 140A, uye chassis - panguva neherikoputa Bell Model 47. Kusvikira zvino, vagadziri ano vari kushamiswa kuti wemishonga izvi munhu zvinhu aigona kupa Somugumisiro yakadaro!

Ndege American boka Bell yakagadzirira pakazopera 1953. Kwapera mwedzi, ndege yokutanga riine zvakabatira mudenga, uye mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare - ake akasununguka ndege yokutanga. Asi mazuvaano of ndege haina kumira, kunyange kwegore kunovhenekwa uye kuongorora mudenga zvakanzi akararamawo runodiwa unongotaura.

Reactive, asi kwete chaizvo

Zvayaiva kumativi ose fuselage injini zvayaitenderera paguyo madhigirii 90 pasi, saka kutanga simba kusimuka uye chezano yokutizira. Turbocharger akaita ndichibvunza zvokudya zvakananga pachavo mhepo mokugezera pamukova harinzwi ari bapiro uye muswe. Inopa kuzvidzora akazara aviakonstruktsiey dzinodzengerera muoti, pamwe ukaramba kugona ichi kunyange kutyaira yakaderera nokukurumidza.

Asi nokukurumidza migumisiro nemiedzo, Bell akaramba ndifambire mberi basa. The ndege yokutanga wehunyambiri yasimuka aiva huru yehondo michini, izvozvo zvakaoma vakapfuura ayo yasimuka uremu pachavo, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga kunyanyisa kuti chinjikira kufamba.

With maitiro akadaro mutyairi wendege kwairi zvakanga zvakaoma kubata kumhanya ari inobvira tsika uchipfuurira pamusoro kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza chinjikira ndege kwazvo. Naizvozvo, pakona vokuAmerica haachatauri pfungwa zvimwe zviitiko.

Munyika chete Yak-141

Muna 1992, zvakananga akakoka aizivikanwa zviri pamutemo venhau vakashamiswa vafarire achitungamirira vendege Western mune unyanzvi ichi. Nyanzvi cherechedzai zviri ndege, iyo akaenda mhiri mureza Dzidziso yetsiva ndege. Zvakava pachena kuti mumakore akawanda zvidzidzo vakanga inoitwa zvakafanana munyika dzinoverengeka, muchindwi anenge chakakodzera akagamuchira ndege Soviet.

Waiva Yak-141, chete munyika yose panguva iyoyo supersonic wehunyambiri yasimuka ndege. Aikudzwa ne zvakawanda muhondo mishoni, kumhanya uye rakasiyana maneuverability nokuti yaakanga apiwa Kuzivikanwa dzakawanda pakarepo.

VokuAmerica uye vokuEurope vakatanga kukura kwavo munharaunda ino 60 wacho. Panguva pashoo muna 1961 Farnborough Chirungu chete kambani vanokwanisa kupa Somugumisiro akanaka. Future chikuru rwisana ndege RAF murwi Harrier wehunyambiri kutora-kure, yaiva dzinonakidza zvikuru, asi ndiyewo akadzivirirwa zviratidzwa kwete chete.

The British haana kutendera munhu, kunyange nevatsigiri vavo, vokuAmerica. Chinhu bedzi munhu nokuda kwavo kunoshamisa kuita uye mupiro kukunda Nazi Germany aiva kunze, akava anozivikanwa Mugadziri evadzimi Soviet - A. S. Yakovlev. Akanga asiri chete vakakokwa, asi vaiziva yaibvira unyanzvi ichi.

Vertical rudzi nyika masimba

Kubudirira mune Soviet Union panguva iyoyo kubudirira vamwe kubudirira, asi vachiri kure muduku Chirungu. Kuedza pamwe yakagadzirwa turbolotom kupa vagadziri hunokosha chiitiko chaiva kukwanisa kuisa mundege mbiri turbojet injini. mokugezera izvi zvinogona kushandisa majana rworwendo 90.

Test Mukhin vanomutsirwa kudenga ndege, yainzi Yak-36. Asi zvakanga asati dzakazara kurwa muchina. On kuratidzwa pane zvitundumuseremusere anokosha mhando kunge yakaturikwa. Pashure pezvose, nokuti ichi ndege chombo hazvina kugadzirira.

Muna 1967, asati chirongwa chikwata Yakovlev of CPSU akamisa basa kuumba chiedza ndege pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka. The yoku- womuenzaniso ainzi Yak-38 evoked chokwadi maitiro kunyange A. Tupolev. Asi kare muna 1974 4 ndege yokutanga dzakabudiswa.

Mushure ukuru zvakajeka mudenga Harrier British Ndege muhondo pamusoro Falkland Islands kuti hurumende yeSoviet zvakava pachena kudiwa kuvandudza zvavo Yak-38. Naizvozvo, muna 1978 Minaviaproma Commission mvumo chirongwa nokuda Yakovlev Design Bureau - kusikwa kumutsidzira pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka murwi Yak-141.

Soviet shasha

injini Unique, akashongedzerwa ane yepamusoro kudzora hurongwa, hwakagadzwa muRussia zvakananga kuti ndege pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka. Kokutanga kusarudza afterburner muhombe kamwene awanikwa munyika - zvinhu kwemakumi emakore izvo vakashanda Soviet kwete chete, asiwo vagadziri dzimwe ndege. Izvi akapedza pasi yokuedzwa kunoita kuti Yak-141 uye ugozvitumira kumukazve. Kubva miedzo yokutanga Akazvisimbisira ndege yake yakanakisisa unhu.

Rakanga chimwe chezvinhu mabasa pakavanda ndege, makore 11 Western utikitivha vaifanira kuziva chaizvo zvinoita sokuti. Multipurpose uriri ndege Yak-141, 4 th Zera murwi, uye akaisa nyika zvinyorwa 12. It aida kuwana mhepo ukuru uye zvinopa pabutiro pamuvengi mitsetse. Pepa Rokushandira Rwavo kuti varove uye mhepo uye ivhu kunangwa. Kugona kusvika vaifanira kumhanya kusvika 1800 km / h. Combat mutoro - makirogiramu 1,000. Range kurwa - 340? Km. Kunonyanyisa ndege kukwirira - kusvika 15 km.

Gorbachev kuti mitemo

Uyezve policies kuderedza mupomerwi indasitiri rave simba mari. Kuratidza nyungudika mune dzakawanda mamiriro ezveupfumi hurumende yekudyidzana chinja bhuku kugadzirwa vatakuri ndege. Nokuda kushaya zvikepe kwakavakirwa caffeine yeRussian Navy vatakuri ndege pashure 1987 Yak-141 kukura kwapera.

Pasinei neizvi, pakuonekwa Yak-141 aiva danho rinokosha mune aviakonstruktorskoy tsika. Russian ndege pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka vakava hunokosha midziyo Air Force, uye humwe mazuvaano evadzimi, masayendisiti zvikurukuru akavimba migumisiro kwemakore akawanda Yakovlev.

Third-29 (Fulcrum)

Yakagadzirwa ne Design Bureau ainzi pashure A. Mikoyan Russian murwi chechina-chizvarwa third-29 anosanganisa yakanakisisa zvatariswa kuti mufambiro mhepo rwisana zvombo ari svikiro uye zvenguva pfupi.

Pakutanga chete mira yasimuka third akasikirwa kuparadza marudzi ose mhepo huru mune okunze zvose. It anoramba functionality zvaro ruzha. Zvaaishandisa dzakakwirira-mabasa turbofan injini, zviri kukwanisa kurova kusanganisira pasi kunangwa. Chakagadzirirwa mangwanani '70s, wokutanga kutora-kure kwakaitika muna 1977.

Simple zvakakwana ushande. Akapinda kuti Air Force muna 1982, ari third-29 aiva chikuru murwi yeRussian Air Force. Uyezve, nyika pamusoro 25 Ndatenga anopfuura chiuru ndege.

American magora

Nguva dzose kuchenjerera achizvidavirira, vokuAmerica uyewo vabudirira mukusika murwi simba.

Zita pashure gondo Harrier akasikwa ari multi-yaishandiswa uye nyore-kurwisa ndege kutsigira pasi mauto pamwe mhepo hondo uye njere. Nokuda kwayo rakaisvonaka waivako rinoshandiswawo chiSpanish uye Italian Navy.

Akava wokutanga wayo mukirasi British wehunyambiri kutora-kure uye achiwana Hawker Siddeley Harrier kumumvuri akaita reBritain neAmerica yokugadziridza AV-8a Harrier muna 1978. Vagari basa vagadziri kunyika mbiri kuvandudza kuti wechipiri-chizvarwa Harrier Kurwisa ndege mhuri.

Muna 1975, kutsiva chirongwa wakabuda England nokuda kutadza management kuramba mari bhajeti rinouya kambani McDonnell Douglas. The zviyero akatorwa nokuda kwazvo dikidiki AV-8a Harrier ikabereka AV-8B murwi.

The kunowedzera AV-8B

Zvichienderana mabikirwo yapfuura yokutevedzera, AV-8B akabudirira kirasi yepamusoro gadziridzo. Vanomutswa nzvimbo yemutekenyi, pakanatsiridzwa fuselage, mapapiro upgraded nokuwedzera zvimwe outboard pfungwa imwe neimwe bapiro. High nemazvo chombo iri itangezve pakarepo kana kupinda kanda rokufambira, mukana wokuti Kutsauka inogona kusvika 15 m.

The womuenzaniso mberi akanatswa tichitaura aerodynamics uye nokudaro akasika yakanakisisa ndege wehunyambiri yasimuka USA. Equipment revamped injini Pegasus akaita kuti zvibvire kuti vaite hunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara. Pakazosvika US Corps AV-8B akabatana mukutanga 1985.

Dzepamutemo handitsauki, uye gare gare AV-8B mienzaniso (NA) uye AV-8B Harrier II Plus akazviratidza midziyo kuti usiku kurwa. Uyezve kuvandudzika akauita imwe yakanakisisa vamiririri ndege pamwe wehunyambiri kutora-kure wechishanu chizvarwa - Harrier III.

On the basa pfupi yasimuka vagadziri Soviet kushanda nesimba. kubudirira aya akawana vanhu vokuAmerica nokuda F-35. vanodhirowa Soviet vakaita guru pakuunza pakukwana multipurpose supersonic F-35 kuvhunduka. murwi uyu wehunyambiri yasimuka chakakodzera Papera akapinda basa pamwe British uye US Navy.

"Boeing". Mhiri zvinobvira

Ugone aerobatics uye yakasiyana unhu nhasi vanoratidza kwete varwi chete, asiwo mutakurwi liners. Boeing 787 Dreamliner rinomiririra widebody mapatya-ndege mutakurwi "Boeing" rusvingo yasimuka.

Boeing 787-9 rakagadzirirwa 300 vanhu vane nendege zvakawanda 14 000? Km. Kusarudza panguva matani 250 ari mutyairi Farnborough akaratidza zvinoshamisa Wandinyengedzerei akanhonga imwe ndege uye akaita wehunyambiri yasimuka, izvo zvinoita chete kuti murwi. Best vendege pakarepo akaonga ayo zvakanaka, akarayira kuti rikatenge ndangotanga vanobva kunyika vaitungamirira nyika. On mamiriro 470 inokwana zviyero vakatengeswa pakutanga 2016. "Boeing" pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka yaitova mutakurwi chisikwa.

Mukana kuwedzera ndege

Over wehurumende ndege kukura chirongwa pamwe wehunyambiri yasimuka uye kumhara, izvo havadi runways nzvimbo, vagadziri Russian vari kushanda zvinobudirira. Zvinogona zvinobudirira ushande siyana rinochiwedzera, yakavakirwa zvose panyika uye mvura.

It ane zvakasiyana-siyana mafomu:

• chimbichimbi kurapwa;
• zvemuchadenga ushori;
• kuitisa kununura akavhiyiwa;
• Vanhu vanoshandisa zvebhizimisi zvinangwa.

Uye nokuda voga zvinangwa zvakare

Possible vanokwanisa kuva mês uye kununurwa mabasa, mapurisa, utano mabasa, uye zvakajairika vezvokutengeserana sangano.

New mira yasimuka ndege inokwanisa kubhururuka pagungano kukwira pamusoro 10 km, kuwedzera kune 800 km / h.

Yaaizova vechizvarwa chitsva iyi ndege akagadzirirwa kushandiswa kunyange apfigirwa dzezvimwe: muguta, musango, kana zvakakodzera, kunyange zvashata ezvinhu.

Circle, sikuruwa kwamaitira ndege zvakadaro, vaiona ake kubereka nharaunda. Kuchisimudza iri vakasikwa kutenderera ari rotor, rinoshandisa mhepo kubva kumusoro, anotumira pasi. Somugumisiro, yaiungana vakasikwa shoma kufurirwa, uye pasi payo - zvawanda.

Yakagadzirwa nomuenzaniso pamwe neherikoputa Chokwadi, kuva kwayo zvikuru ndarama uye dzakashandisa akasiyana ezvinhu enyika womuenzaniso, zviri anogona kuita wehunyambiri kutora-kure, kumhara uye dzinodzengerera panzvimbo imwe.

Kupa Cold War

Nebudiriro ndege mu muenzaniso uyu kwakaratidza kuti yepamusoro zvemichina uye ndege pamwe wehunyambiri kutora-kure angateererawo kubatsira uye kudiwa sapamazuva ehurumende zvinangwa uye ndokuendeswa.

Munguva kweHondo Yemashoko, guru nyika masimba akanga achida chaizvo kutanga chirongwa kuhondo ndege, izvo haatarisiri kwakajairika airfields. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti avhenekese munjodzi zvinhu zvakadaro ballpen avhiyesheni midziyo kuti muvengi. Uyezve, imwe runway chinodhura haana anosimbiswa kudzivirirwa. Nguva iyi ichakurukurwa chikuva chinokosha kukura aviakonstruktorskoy mabasa.

Western uye mudzimba urongwa kwemakore 30 nokushingaira upgraded VTOL, kusvika pakukwana rechishanu-chizvarwa anorwisa. Uye kushandisa zvinhu ruzivo uye kubvumira kuti vehurumende zvinangwa kushandisa kwenguva pakukura munyika kutungamirira ndege.