Kolyma HPP: nzvimbo, dzinongoitika ezvinhu, ezvoupfumi ukoshi. Kolyma hydropower chirimwa ainzi Yu Frishter

Shanyira nzvimbo idzi uye kuti funga muchina yakadaro - ipapo kuwana mufaro mukuru, asi matambudziko hunoshamisa munzira vanotarisira kure Kolyma HPP. Kurira makiromita mazana mashanu kubva Magadan muna Far North - zvisiri nyore.

tsananguro

Izvi zvinoreva Hydroelectric simba muti PJSC "Kolymaenergo", izvo zvinozoita ari chikamu chezvinhu JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP kuti akagadzirwa parameters yakasiyana nedzimwe. Iyi haisi guru uye simba marongerwo.

Unique ndiye ainyanya nokuti Magadan Region zvayo simba gadziriro iri kure vamwe simba ezvinhu Russia, uye nekuti ichi ndicho Hydroelectric simba anenge ose anodiwa munda simba - 95% - anonyaradza tisingatungamirirwi. A chikuru kusiyana - ayo nzvimbo. Micheto of permafrost ndiye wokutanga uye chete. Kolyma HPP ane chikuru mai, uye injini kamuri iri pasi pasi. ndiwo simba kwazvo pakati zvakafanana zvirongwa.

History chokusika

Ideas sei kushandisa kwomuzvarirwo simba nokuyerera pamusoro Kolyma River vakaiswa mberi panguva chaipo pakutanga thirties remakore rapfuura geologist Ascension. Paiva kunyange vakaurayiwa mabasa akawanda asati kutanga Great Patriotic War. Zvadaro, nyaya haana nguva kutama. Kuti vaunze magetsi pano akaramba kushandisa yomunharaunda marasha. Dzokerai chirongwa mudunhu iri kutsvakwa chinhu, sezvo Kolyma HPP, zvakaitika ari sixties, apo akanga kukurira post-hondo chakaparadzwa uye kukunda nzvimbo rakatanga. Muna June 1964, takaita topographical kupfura zvose nzvimbo iyi, uye muna 1965 vakauya pano boka gurukota Energy of hydraulic mainjiniya.

Results rwendo urwu, uye vakashanda Mutongo kuongorora basa iri nzvimbo inogara yemberi Hydroelectric simba. Zvino yakanga zvose zvaitwa, kuti Magadan Region akatora boka rokutanga hydraulic mainjiniya-vaiongorora. Muna December gore rakatevera akabatana kukura chirongwa, uye muna 1967 akatanga nzvimbo kuferefeta dzakaoma. Akashanda racho "Lengidroproekt", panzvimbo regumi namatatu rwendo Akaongorora nangananga tsika iyi. Muna November 1969, mavambo uchirarama rokuvaka utariri sangano "Kolymagesstroy" mu "Vilyuygesstroya". Pashure pemwedzi mishomanana iri USSR State Planning Committee musoro basa kuti inotanga kuvakwa mukudenga. Muchidimbu, muna 1970, ari Hydroelectric simba yemapurisa pamusoro River Kolyma vakatotanga kuvapo kwayo - asi dziri kuvakwa.

kutanga

Muna February 1970, yokutanga karavhani kubva Yakutia kusvika kubaya yemapurisa yakatumwa, uye midziyo March kuvakwa yasvika. Madaro kunze pane mavhiki vakadaro kuti vaviri mumugwagwa - zvinoitika, sezvo kure zvose zviri Kolyma HPP. Natural ezvinhu vari chinokosha - the permafrost, North Far. Vanhu uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira anouya kwete chete kubva Yakutia, asiwo Magadan mumusha Uptar vakamirira kuti dzaifanoiswa nechimwe - wokutanga papuratifomu kuvakwa. Chokutanga, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuvaka dzimba vashandi kuvaka migwagwa uye navamwe kwezvivako. mamwe Hydroelectric Vazhinji haambotauri kuti dzichikunetsa zano rakadaro, uye Kolyma Hydroelectric simba chirimwa kwaiva kuenda zvose nzira razero. Izvi hazvisi mai uye matende Paidiwa (okunze haisi tende!), Pane dzakavakwa okuchengetera zviteshi, mikana migwagwa, pekugara uye sockultbit.

Naizvozvo nzvimbo hydrobuilders Sinegorye pamwe-nhurikidzwa mbiri dzimba zvakaitwa namatanda, saka aruminiyamu noukomba, akanaka uye inotarisirwa zvakanaka, ane chikoro, mumwe kukireshi, zvitoro uye neimba tsika. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti mamiriro ekunze vane hasha kwazvo, uye permafrost hazvibviri kuvaka imba pamusoro hwaro uye kuvakwa chero saizi munogara hunovakirwa stilts. Summer munyoro, dzimwe nguva inopisa, kumusoro wokutanga inonyunguduka pasi, nheyo floats. Eya, chando kubvisa makumi matanhatu namaviri Celsius - inowanzotorwa tembiricha, asingadi kuwedzera nhamba vhiki. Heating mwaka iri Far North ndedzoupenyu zvishoma mazuva mazana maviri namakumi manomwe, kazhinji - zvakawanda. Asi nyika yaidiwa chaizvo Kolyma HPP, hupfumi kukosha kwayo hwakakura kwazvo.

chikuru zvivako

Muna June 1974, akatora bhaketi nyika yokutanga. Saka akatanga kuvaka dhamu. Kolyma HPP yakavakwa panguva imwe chete kugarwa hydrobuilders mumwe makore maviri, uye pakupedzisira, muna 1976, ichi chivako chaiva All-Union kuvhunduka. Maviri nehafu chiuru yakanakisisa Koshanda nyika vakauya kuna Kolyma mapoka. Muna 1980, rwizi akarwiswa pa nzvimbo Hydroelectric simba, uye pasina nguva yokutanga hydraulic chikwata akatotanga akaedzwa. Vanosvika vashanu, wokupedzisira ishande chete muna 1995. Muna 2010, Hydroelectric simba pakuzivikanwa se "Kolyma HPP anonzi Frishter Yi" - yakange zita rokutanga wekambani uye maneja kuvakwa.

Hydroelectric pakuvaka - mvura simba mukuru-kumanikidzwa HPP: dombo vaguta Dam, pevhu chivakwa mvura intakes, PTC pamwe ISG (maindasitiri-muzvigadzirwa kunzwisisa ane namahwindo pakugovera mudziyo) spillway. Temporary uye zvechigarire pevhu zvivako pano vazhinji, uye urefu wavo pamusoro makiromita manomwe, uye uwandu vylomki - 425 000 akaenzana mamita. Avimbiswa Hydroelectric simba - 224 megawatts, uye yakaiswa - 900, paavhareji, wakadenha mabhiriyoni 3.325 kWh dzemagetsi pagore.

rwizi

Hydroelectric simba chirimwa akavaka kure muromo - 1854? Km Kolyma achiri ichayerera kugungwa. Paiva raiva guru Kolyma nezvikumbaridzo, ayo zvino nemafashamo Dam. Mupata Kolyma River munzvimbo ino zvikuru maduku, akaumba rokumupata pamwe kumawere chaizvo dzakatenuka. Nokuti vakasimba, mavhoriyamu rakakura. Kunyange kana chirimo uye kwematsutso nenzizi vapedza, CT inotsigira nokurasa mvura revarombo. Saka dzimwe hurukuro parwizi. Hydroelectric simba hakuzoitiki oga - Kolyma HPP Pazvinoitika ine nhepfenyuro mbiri. Izvi Hydroelectric simba yemapurisa - yokumusoro pavaipfuura Pazvinoitika. Pakatanga ari Ust-Srednekanskaya chinogona waidzora navigability of Kolyma River, uye modes zviri kushanda Kolyma HPP achava pasina kurambidzwa. Zvino haisi nyaya. Mumwe mvura buditsa inoguma basa guru kusimbisa pamahombekombe uye mugungwa. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvikanganiso zvaitika kakawanda kupfuura kwave dzaona kuti spillway refu anoshanda.

All ine Hydroelectric madhamu uye reservoirs. Pano rwizi inoda zvinhu zviviri: nemhedziso zvinovimbisa yegore mvura Kuwanikwa uye dzakatenuka zvakanaka. Hydro Kazhinji iri apo nomupata-maonero mamiriro enzvimbo. Kolyma - ndiwo rwizi ichi, uye chakange yakavakwa mumupata Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - kugarwa pamusoro Power - ndiyo chete mazana mashanu chete kubva reMagadhani. Zvichida, haizi pachitsuwa uye zvishoma - maawa 3-4 nemotokari. North haadi vanhu kana vari guessing nzira kwekanguva. Pane uye maawa ose matatu kuenda remunharaunda centre, asi achiri vakafara kuti nokukurumidza uye pasina ushingi vasingadiwi. Asi kana ukaenda ngaatarire ichitevedza Kolyma mazana maviri makiromita, munzira achawa wechipiri (uye pakupedzisira) Pazvinoitika - Ust-Srednekanskaya. Pano, kongiri uye undotenga dhamu iri kuvakwa panguva narrowest nguva mumupata.

parameters

Kolyma Hydroelectric simba chiteshi yakavakwa mumatanho maviri: kutanga, yakavakwa esimende maberere huru uye vagari madhamu, spillways, yaunodya gwara uye tunnels, culverts, chikamu PTK chivakwa, kombiyuta kamuri pamusoro vezvikwata matatu dzakanga dziri shoma kufurirwa, uye yechipiri Danho wakatarwa huru mai yakavakwa , mumwe spillway, kudya uye zvakazara HPP chivakwa. zana namakumi matatu mana nehafu metres - kukwirira dhamu kuti vaifanira, riri pakati unorema pasi nayo - zvepamusoro munyika. Kureba, dzikapfeka kuti muhomba, 683 metres, upamhi - 15. Pamusoro uye pasi - huru ibwe girenayiti prism pepa Eriya aitombotyawo chinoumba ivhu (jecha loam), filters yakavakwa nejecha uye mavhu prisms vanosarudzirwa pakati abutment uye core.

Spillway kunova yakabatana chivakwa, chinoitwa nekongiri sechinhu trohprolotny spillway chutes uye nekuguma akasvetuka. Mumwe trinadtsatimetrovy maviri mita span overlaps ari shutter. Simuka uye kuwa utorwe winches, mumwe nomumwe anogona kurera matani mazana maviri gedhi rimwe nerimwe munokosha maviri. Kolyma Dam (kana gungwa, sezvazvakanyorwa kuzivikanwa munharaunda) 6 makiromita pahupamhi uye 148 pakureba, nharaunda yayo - 441 mativi km kunonyanyisa udzamu - 120 metres. Vachinetseka mvura kubva muna 1980, muitiro rwakatora makore masere. Sezvo nguva dzose zvinoitika pakuvaka hydropower zvinomera, zvikazara yakawanda munda. Pano, mu Kolyma, kuti mafuro uye minda yezviyo vasiri, chokwadi. Asi zvose zvivako vakatamira - unodhura pano. Sea vanhu vanoda: maari kubata grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, uye mhando imwe hove dzakanaka dzakawanda.

More pamusoro dzinongoitika ezvinhu

All-Union chivakwa akaita mukudzidzire ichi zvachose pasingagarwi uye kure nenyika mamiriro enzvimbo. Kolyma nomugwagwa, riri pedyo nomugwagwa, riri makiromita makumi mana, ndiyo chaizvo zvinhu zviri Far North. MuStoke pana Kolyma, sezvo yose kuchamhembe nzizi, zvinoshamisa gogonera. Chikuru chacho muzhizha uye matsutso mafashamo mafungu zviviri - yechirimo (yepamusoro muna June) uye kuchinaya (August uye September). In inodziya mwaka uye kunosvika substantially yose chokubuda - kusvika 97 muzana.

In yechando zviri Chokwadi, anenge kupera: rwizi pachioma pakutanga October, uye akazarura vakananga kupera May, munguva iyi mvura kuparadzwa anodonhedza 3 cubic metres por wechipiri. A refu nechando - kubva 200 kusvika 270 mazuva gore. The yechando inotonhora zvikuru, kuti amplitude pamusoro tembiricha nokufamba makumi mapfumbamwe navasere madhigirii pagore! Ndiko, muchando -62 (Minimum tembiricha), uye muzhizha +36 (kunonyanyisa). Pano nguva dzose vachiridza mhepo, kunyanya munguva yechando, vane simba, panguva kubvisa makumi matanhatu zvinoita kunze kwete yakaoma, asi zviri anenge sabvumika. Nzvimbo racho zvikuru seysmichen - pfungwa nomwe (MSK-64 pamwero).

Sinegorye

Pedyo musha akura ari Hydroelectric. The dambudziko aiva nyore. Kana yemapurisa ichiri pasi kuvakwa, paiva vanopfuura zviuru 17 vanhu (rangarira kuti vekupedzisira - rechishanu - the chikwata vakava operative muna 1995), ipapo vanhu vazhinji saka pano havana kungova basa. Sinegorye nokukurumidza nokuisa, vanhu vakanga kusiya kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kune zvimwe okuvaka kana panyika yakaoma. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu yose vanhu Sinegorye hapana anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Hydroelectric simba chiteshi kushumira tsvimbo iyi, vashandi revashandi yemagetsi uye mamiriro. Pamwe kwevanhu Sinegorye akasiya uye urongwa evanhu zvikomborero.

Zvose akakurumidza kupera: utano, dzidzo, tsika. kuti pool chete inowanikwa kusvikira ikozvino. Navamwe super-vapfumi mitambo dzakaoma - iri kusvika ipapo. Zvinhu zvinenge kose chete. Asi nharaunda iyi kunodiwa kutanga, chero zvazvingava kurashikirwa kare kuvakwa. dzimba Vangani zvino chinhu muna Sinegorye! Ivo vose vakasiya. Kunyange hapana mubvunzo pamusoro, nei kurarama pano. Hongu, dzomunyika subsoil yakatsvikinyidzana mhangura - simbi uye uranium exchange, tini, Platinum, ndarama ... Kolyma HPP kuti chinangwa ichi uye akavaka - kukudziridza dhipoziti.

Sei zvakanga zvaitwa

Kana ari 30s vomunharaunda upfumi kure vakanga Akaongorora, zvakava pachena kuti kudiwa zvinodhura uye simba simba nomusimboti. Permafrost, zvakaoma okunze kunoita basa kunyanya nguva yakawanda uye zvikuru zvinodhura. Zvisinei, nyaya mberi. Vakaitwa kuoma Masvomhu uye kutsvakurudza pakusarudza mhando Dam, takawana kupfuura Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nzvimbo inogara. Ko kwakabatsira regadziriro basa, uye pano - GES inomira runako. Zvose zvakanga "zvakasimba mitemo," sezvo vachiti muzvikamu izvi. Muchiitiko chino, pfungwa iyi - terroformirovanie. Kana izvi zviri ndakarerwa kusvikira pakuguma, inotungamirira munyika nokubatanidzwazve yepasi ikachinja chitarisiko, zvakatipoteredza uye mamiriro okunze. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitwa panguva Kolyma HPP.

munhu maindasitiri mapazi simba, yaiitisa mugwagwa akasikwa, asimbiswa zvakasiyana-siyana kugadzirwa. Takaona uye vakava basa kubereka zvokuvakisa: jecha, ibwe, nevhu, gypsum. Uye zvakadini Michina mbiru akauya achibva pachiteshi reMagadhani! It aishanda Motokari simba kupfuura - Dump BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, crawled pano Trailers pamwe Vacheri, zvikatapira, nematarakita anofamba. Pashure pezvose, zvakanga zvakafanira kuuya chete pamusoro chinhu, pano ndiyo nzvimbo isina uye mhuka kana chiduku shurupchika haruzokuwani, ndoda multi-savi transformer uye turbine hydrogenerator. Window girazi, zvipfeko, fenicha, zvokudya uye Cranes - nayo akanunurwa mumugwagwa nyika kure.

chinetso

Kolyma, sezvinoita banga, kucheka muhomba Cherskogo, unogovera kuva maviri makuru girenayiti mafudzi, iyo zvino vanofanira kuva vakagadzirira - kuti vaenzanise uye yakachena, nokuti pano kuti pamusoro nguva dzakanga dzateyiwa guru arc dhamu. Industrial Area akatotora akabvumira kuvhura kugadzirwa, uye chinhu chokutanga chinodiwa kongiri hurongwa. Vacheri chaizvoizvo inoruma munzvimbo kupfeka pasi murwizi, apo rinogadzirirwa nzvimbo mujinga dhamu. Kushanda maindasitiri makomo, nokutorera madziro kunangiswa, enda rakadzika kumakomo, kutema girenayiti, drifters Brigade. Meter nokuda mita rakapinda tunnels culverts. Saizvozvowo mudombo chibhakera imwe nzvimbo yakakura nokuda michina uye muzvikamu HPP.

Dam ari pano - chete munyika, nekuti havazivi nzira refu kuzviita pamusoro permafrost. A kuramba ngetani mumarori vakabva Magadan, muna Sinegorye vakauya anopfuura chiuru matani esimende pazuva chete. chando ichi, zvikuru kupfuura kwazvo frosts, iyo iripo panyika. Muzhizha hapana migwagwa. Saka - kuburikidza chando kufamba kwemhepo, nokukurira nzizi nehova, saka kutsanya, kuti zvechokwadi haagoni -oma matanhatu madhigirii, kutungamirira karavhani rake rinorema (pamusoro 170 matani) uye kazhinji oversized zvinhu. gomo mawere inopfuura, pamusoro tsvedza dzakatenuka. Pashure pezvose, zvakanga zvose nokuda chinangwa chihombe yakadaro! Raiva feat.