Plato: Biography uye uzivi

Mudzidzi Socrates, mudzidzisi Aristotle - Greek anofunga uye muzivi Plato, ane Biography inofarirwa dzekare, stylists, vanyori, vazivi uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Uku mumiririri kunoshamisa wevanhu, aigara nguva inovhiringidza wechiGiriki polis dambudziko Sharpening mukirasi kutamburira, kana kutsiva Hellenistic yaitonga rakasvika paraiitwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Fruitfully akararama upenyu nomuzivi Plato. Biography, muchidimbu anounzwa bepa iri zvinoratidza kwayo ukuru uye uchenjeri kwesayenzi mwoyo.

basa rekuita

Plato akaberekwa muna 428/427 BC muAtene. Haana chete aiva mugari izere Athens, asiwo nhengo mhuri imwe revatongi kare: baba vake, Ariston, akanga ari wedzinza yokupedzisira mambo Athens Kodra, uye mai vake, Perictione, chakaita kuti hama Solon.

Brief Biography dzaPlato mifananidzo dzinomiririra nguva yake uye kirasi. Pashure pokugamuchira dzidzo yakakodzera Nezvenzvimbo yawo, Plato, anenge makore 20 akava kuzivana dzidziso Socrates uye akava mudzidzi wake uye muteveri. Plato aiva pakati vaAtene, uyo akapa mari vimbiso yokuti musungwa kusvikira afa Socrates. Mushure kuurayiwa mudzidzisi, akasiya guta rake akaenda parwendo pasina chinangwa chaicho: kutanga akatamira Megara, uye ipapo vakaenda weKurini, uye kunyange Egipita. Pocherpnuv zvose zvaaigona kubva kuvapristi muIjipiti, akaenda kuna Italy, kwaakabereka noushamwari vazivi chechikoro Pythagorean. Zvakaita kuti upenyu Plato nokuvapa parwendo, musi uyu kuguma aifamba chaizvo pasi pose, asi mwoyo wake zvakaramba vomuAtene.

Apo Plato aiva nemakore 40. (zvinokosha kuziva kuti pazera iri vaGiriki anonzi soro maruva unhu - acme), akadzokera kuAtene uye akazarura ipapo chikoro rake rinonzi Academy. Kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwake, Plato akapotsa kumbobva Athens, vaigara nemimba uye akaramba akazvivanza, vakakomba pamwe nevadzidzi. Akaremekedza kuyeuka mudzidzisi wemufi, asi pfungwa dzake aisimbisa chete yakamanikana denderedzwa vateveri uye havana kuedza kuti vazviise mutemo dzomumusha, kufanana Socrates. Plato akafa ava nemakore makumi masere, pasina kurasikirwa Kujeka pfungwa. Iye akavigwa zvedongo, pedyo Academy. Akadaro Mararamiro akanga muzivi wechiGiriki Plato. Biography ake pamusoro ukanyatsozvitarisa zvikuru inonakidza, asi zvakawanda nezvazvo zviri wokusavimbika chaizvo, uye sezvinoita ngano zvakawanda.

Plato raMwari Academy

The zita "Academy" rinobva pakuti nomunda kuti Plato akatenga zvakananga kuchikoro ake pedyo jimunasiyamu chakatsaurirwa kuna gamba pamusoro Acadia. On mundima Academy vadzidzi havana chete muchikurukura nevazivi uye vakateerera Plato, vakabvumirwa kugara ikoko zvachose kana nguva pfupi.

Vanozviti ndivanachamangwiza kwakasimbiswa panheyo muuzivi Socrates rumwe rutivi uye vateveri Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, pane dzimwe. At baba vake mudzidzisi vakakwereta idealism yokukakavadzniswa maonero enyika uye pfungwa yetsika nyaya. Asi, sezvinoratidzwa Biography dzaPlato, kureva makore yapera Sisiri pakati Pythagoreans, akanga zvakajeka tsitsi kune dzidziso ouzivi Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras. Kanenge chokwadi chokuti Academy vazivi vaigara uye vaishanda pamwe chete, wakafanana nowenyika kuchikoro Pythagorean.

Pfungwa dzidzo enyika

Zvakawanda ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna Academy yedzidzo enyika. Asi kare mitemo yakanga haagarimo mapoka maduku agovera vamiririri: basa mutemo wakapindwa zvose vemo mukuru, kureva, vakasununguka uye chepamutemo vokuAtene. Gare gare, mumwe mboni Plato, naAristotle formulates tsanangudzo enyika somunhu paChikoro munzanga upenyu mutemo, kusiyana idiotika - hazvina ushamwari munhu. Kureva kubatanidzwa enyika akanga chinokosha upenyu vaGiriki vekare, uye dzidzo enyika rinoreva kukura kururamisira, rupo, kushinga uye acuity mupfungwa.

kwema ouzivi

Mutsara maonero avo uye vanodzidziswa Plato akanyorwa zvikurukuru akasarudza yekutaurirana. Iri kumbonyanya bhindauko mudziyo kare. Kwouzivi mabasa Plato vepakutanga uye dzinouya hwake akasiyana chaizvo, uye izvi zvakasikirwa, nokuti akazviunganidzira uchenjeri uye maonero vakachinja pamusoro nguva. Pakati vaongorori iri conventionally vagovane Kushanduka Platonic uzivi zvikamu zvitatu:

1. Vadzidzi (pasi pokudzora Socrates) - "Apology yaSocrates", "Creighton," "Fox", "Protagoras", "Charmides", "Evtifron" uye 1 bhuku, "State".

2. kutsvakatsvaka (pasi pokudzora pfungwa Heraclitus) - "Gorgias", "Cratylus", "Menon".

3. Kudzidzisa (the koshesa kwaiitika pfungwa wechikoro Pythagorean) - "Mabiko," "Phaedo,", "Phaedrus", "Parmenides", "sophist", "Politics", "waTimio", "Critias", 2-10 rinonzi "State" "Mitemo".

baba idealism

Plato vaiona muvambi idealism, shoko rokuti pacharo rinobva nechepakati pfungwa padzidziso yake - Eidos. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti Plato aimirira nyika sezvo huviri munzvimbo: munyika pfungwa (Eidos) uye nyika siyana (pfuma). Eidos - the prototypes, anokonzera zvinhu zvenyika. Nyaya yacho iri isina kugadzirwa uye bodiless, nyika inova zvakunoreva hurukuro chete nemhaka pfungwa.

nzvimbo simba munyika Eidos ndiyo pfungwa dzorugare, uye vose mumwe vanobva pairi. Takakomborerwa The pokutangira, mhedziso runako, Musiki wezvinhu zvose. Eidos zvose - raro zvazviri, rinokosha chakavanzika muvanhu - ndiwo mweya. Ideas vane mhedziso uye chisingaperi, kuvapo kwavo inoyerera kubva nzvimbo-nguva miganhu, uye zvinhu - vari impermanent, repeatable uye iskazhaemy, kuvapo kwavo zvose.

Kana mweya womunhu, dzidziso ouzivi hwaPlato ndeyokufananidzira inobata nayo sezvo ngoro nemabhiza maviri, anotungamirirwa wengoro. Rinomiririra anonzwisisa kutanga, joko bhiza rake jena chinofananidzira rupo uye tsika unhu, uye vatema - the zvaisazogona, yakaderera zvido. Munyika inotevera mweya (mutyairi) uri ndima navanamwari muzvirongwa hwusingaperi chokwadi uye anoona nyika Eidos. Pashure kuberekwa itsva pfungwa chokwadi husingaperi kuramba mweya sezvo ndangariro.

Space - yose huripo nyika, kuti kuburitswa kumumvuri zvachose. Dzidziso Plato kwakaita yepasi pose zvikuru uyewo kunobva Eidos dzidziso.

Beauty uye Rudo - pfungwa husingaperi

Kubva izvi zvose zvinoreva kuti ruzivo hwenyika - iri kuedza kutarisa zvinhu kuratidzwa pfungwa kuburikidza norudo, kururamisira uye runako basa. Dzidziso Beauty ndiyo musimboti muuzivi Plato: kutsvaka yorunako murume uye nyika, nokusika runako kuburikidza mitemo rinopindirana uye uri - chinangwa yakakwirira wemunhu. Saka, mweya Virtual anoenda kubva kufungisisa runako zvinhu zvokunyama kuti kunzwisisa yorunako unyanzvi uye sayenzi, kusvika yakakwirira - kunzwisisa wetsika runako. Anouya sezvo zvokuzarurirwa uye unounza mweya nyika wavanamwari.

Pamwe nokunaka kwenyika kurera eidoses dzevanhu chakagadzirirwa Love. Panyaya iyi, mufananidzo muzivi ndiyo akafanana mufananidzo Eros - kunoita kuti zvakanaka, rinomiririra nhume kondakita kubva pakusaziva kusvika uchenjeri. Love - okusika simba zvinhu yake yakanaka vanoberekwa uye rinopindirana hwevanhu mitemo. Kuti rudo - huru pfungwa iri dzidziso ruzivo, zviri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kubva panyama (zvinhu) kuumbika mweya wake, uye pashure - yezvokunamata, iyo rinobatanidzwa nokure pfungwa chaiyo. Rudo uyu wokupedzisira kuyeuka yakakwana munhu, munhu anoponeswa mweya.

Ko kutarisa ndechokuti zviparadzanise nyika pfungwa uye zvinhu hakurevi hunyambiri (izvo kazhinji pashure zvakaverengerwa Plato Pfungwa vavengi vake, kutanga Aristotle), izvo ukama amadzibaba ukama. Authentic Kuva - Eidos pamwero - iripo nokusingaperi, ndizvo andinenge. Asi nyaya rinowanika kare somunhu kutevedzera pfungwa, ndiko chete "aripo" nenzira yakakwana ari.

Enyika maonero Plato

Biography uye idzidziso dzaPlato ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe kunzwisisa anonzwisisa uye zvakakodzera hurumende. Dzidziso yababa vake idealism pamusoro basa uye ukama hwevanhu "State" yakataurwa bhuku. Zvose inovakwa pamusoro kufanana pakati wacho mapato mweya womunhu uye chiso zviri vanhu (maererano mumagariro basa).

Saka, zvikamu zvitatu mweya anokonzera uchenjeri, nomwero, uye ushingi. Kazhinji, izvi unhu vanomirira kururamisira. It anotevera kuti munhu wakanaka (akakwana) mamiriro zvinokwanisika kana munhu mumwe nomumwe ari panzvimbo uye anoita kamwe kwenguva dzose yakasimbiswa mabasa (maererano nemano ake). Maererano zano mubumbiro "State", apo pfupi Biography dzaPlato, mugumisiro hwake uye pfungwa huru dziri wokupedzisira zimukadzimu, anofanira dzichengete vazivi zvose, nhau uchenjeri. Vane pasi zvine kutanga zvizvarwa zvose. Basa rinokosha rehurumende kutamba murwi (dzimwe shanduro varindi), vanhu ava akateerera. Warriors vanofanira kuva mudzimu ushe nounyanzvi uye achava pamusoro zvaisazogona uye mupfungwa kwehasha. Asi ichi hachisi muchina kuchitonhora, iyo inoita murume ano, uye kwete avhiringidzwa nokunzwira kuchiva kunzwisisa zvinoenderana mukuru munyika. Muchikwata wechitatu vagari - ndiwo creators kwepfuma. Wabvunza nayo zvinorondedzerwa saka schematically uye zvishoma ainzi Plato. Biography imwe mukuru nevafungi munhoroondo yevanhu inoratidza kuti kudzidzisa kwake akawana mhinduro mupfungwa panguva yake - zvinozivikanwa kuti akanga agamuchira zvikumbiro zvakawanda kubva vatongi yekare polis uye vamwe inoti kumabvazuva pamusoro kugadzirira kwavo kwepamutemo Codes.

Late Biography dzaPlato, akadzidzisa ari Academy uye pachena tsitsi pfungwa Pythagoreans chokuita dzidziso "yakanaka nhamba", iro akazokokwa yakatanga Neoplatonists.

Ngano uye zvinotendwa

Kuziva munzvimbo yake pamusoro ngano: sechipiriso muzivi, Plato, vane Biography uye akapukunyuka magwaro anoratidza zvakajeka mukuru pfungwa, haana kuramba chinyakare mungano. Asi akapa kududzira ngano sechiratidzo, zvinofananidzira, uye vasachinzwisisa somunhu mhando axiom. Ngano, pfungwa Plato, akanga asiri chenhau. Akaona ngano mifananidzo uye zviitiko somunhu mhando dzidziso kwouzivi chisingazivi kuipa chero chiitiko, asi chete zvokudya kufungisisa uye kuongororazve zviitiko. Uyezve, mungano dzekare dzakawanda dzechiGiriki akanyorwa vanhuwo zvavo pasina maitiro kana mabhuku kurapwa. Nezvikonzero izvi, Plato zvakakodzera kudzivirira pfungwa wemwana kubva akawanda rengano nyaya, mupfumi ingano kazhinji tsika uye unzenza.

Plato rokutanga uchapupu nyasha yokusafa kwomweya womunhu

Plato - wokutanga muzivi yekare, vane mabasa vaburukira dzazvino haisi ichiparara, uye pamwe zvizere chinyorwa. Munhaurirano ake "The State", "Phaedrus" 4 anopa uchapupu yokusafa kwomweya womunhu. Chokutanga izvi inonzi "cyclical". Chaizvoizvo Its mamota pasi ndechokuti kushorwa anogona chete kuvapo kana paine yakawiriranwa kuyanzva. kureva zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuvapo maduku, kana pane rufu, ipapo kusafa. Izvi Plato yataurwa sezvo huru nharo vachifarira pfungwa kuberekwazve.

The umboo wechipiri

Nokuda yokuti zivo nezvetsaona. Plato akadzidzisa kuti pfungwa dzevanhu, pane pfungwa zvakadai sokururamisira, runako, kutenda. Izvi Pfungwa dziripo "mavari." Havazivi avadzidzise kunzwa uye kunzwisisa pachiyero chavanoziva. Ivo - Mhedziso zvazviri, nokusingaperi uye haufi. Kana mweya akaberekwa munyika anotozviziva kwavari, saka iye aiziva nezvavo pamberi upenyu Panyika. Kana mweya anoziva husingaperi zvinoreva, kuti zvinoreva iye nokusingaperi.

Wechitatu nharo

It akavaka pamusoro kushora unofa muviri uye nomweya usingafi. Plato akadzidzisa kuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika duality. Muviri uye mweya panguva hwake zvakabatana chaizvo. Asi muviri - iri hweunhu, apo mweya - chikamu naMwari. The muviri anoedza kusangana nechigadziko manzwiro uye zvaisazogona, mweya vachida ruzivo uye kubudirira. Body vakananga yokugezera. Simba pfungwa uye kuda murume anokwanisa kuikunda zvaisazogona. Naizvozvo, kana muviri unofa uye inoora, kushora mweya wake nokusingaperi uye inogara nokusingaperi. Kana muviri asingagoni kuvapo pasina mweya, saka mweya unogona kuvapo ariega.

Chechina, wokupedzisira uchapupu

Dzidziso chakaoma zvikuru. Most kunyatsoyeuka nezveunyanzvi nhaurirano ake Socrates uye Cebes mu "Phaedo,". Chinoratidza inobva kutaura kuti zvose tinoberekwa pezvawakaita ndiwo kuchinjika. Saka, kunyange nguva dzose kuva zvinoshamisa michena haagoni kunzi chinhu chete haangatongovi zvakaipa. Kubva pana rufu urwu zvinounza uori, uye upenyu hadzizombozvizivi rufu. Kana muviri unofa uye vaparare, ipapo musimboti kwayo - rufu. Upenyu zvinopikisana rufu, mweya chakatarisana muviri. Saka, kana muviri rinoparara mweya - haufi.

Kukosha pfungwa Plato

Kwakadaro, vakawanda mashoko, pfungwa yokuti vanhu akasiya nhaka yekare wechiGiriki Plato. The Biography munhu uyu zvinoshamisa kuti maviri nehafu zvemakore rava ngano, uye zvaaidzidzisa, mune zvimwe zvinhu, nheyo zvikuru aripo parizvino pfungwa dzouzivi. mboni ake Aristotle akatsoropodza maonero mudzidzisi wake uye akavaka pakatarisana ake kudzidzisa youzivi pfuma hurongwa. Asi chokwadi ichi - humwe uchapupu hwaPlato ukuru: kwete ose mudzidzisi anopiwa kurera muteveri, asi munhu akakodzera anokumhan'arira, zvichida chete vashoma.

uzivi hwaPlato awana vateveri vakawanda kare, ruzivo mishonga uye chikuru zvinodavirwa muchitendero kudzidzisa kwake kwaiva dzinongoitika uye chinokosha paumbwe yekutenga mugari rechiGiriki polis. Akadaro Nhamba rinokosha munhoroondo pfungwa kwouzivi haana kukanganwa zvachose, kunyange kuMiddle Ages, apo nyanzvi vakaramba zvakasimba nhaka kare. Plato akafuridzirwa vazivi of Renaissance, akapa zvokudya kusingaperi nokuda kufunga kuti European nevafungi ose akazotevera mazera. Kuratidzwa Dzidziso dzake anogona kuonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana yaivapo pfungwa nouzivi Dzidziso dzaPlato inoti inogona kuwanikwa mumapazi ose ruzivo kwevanhu.

Zvairatidzika yakaita muzivi, hunhu hwake

Vanochera matongo vakawana busts vazhinji Plato, akachengetedzwa kubva kare uye neMiddle Ages. Maererano naye anosikwa yokunyora nokudhirowa zhinji uye mapikicha Plato. Mukuwedzera, pakuonekwa nomuzivi anogona vachatongwa yaMakoronike.

Maererano vose vakaungana Zvishoma nezvishoma maererano Plato, raiva varefu, zvemitambo kuvakwa, paupamhi pamafudzi uye mapfupa. Chimiro aiva rakapfava kwazvo, akanga aibvisa kudada, maturo uye wokuzvidza. Aizvininipisa chaizvo uye nomutsa nguva dzose, kwete chete nevezera ravo, asiwo vamiririri rezasi mukirasi.

Plato, Biography uye uzivi rekare rechiGiriki zvisingakwanisi anopikisana, upenyu pachake nokubvuma chokwadi nyika yake maonero.