The Life uye Kufa Socrates

Life uye rufu Socrates vachiri zvikuru kwete chete nokuda dzekare asiwo vazhinji admirers ake. Vazhinji zvinhu izvi anofunga nomugumo uye nhasi uri chakavanzika. The Life uye Kufa Socrates akafukidza ngano. Saka zvinoshamisa here tiri kutaura pamusoro mumwe mukuru nevafungi nguva dzose.

Kwakabva Socrates

Socrates - yakakurumbira vomuAtene muzivi, uyo akanga paakavapa chikuru Monument - nhaurirano hwaPlato. Mavari, ndiye protagonist.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti baba muzivi ramangwana, aiva stonemason (kana muvezi) Sophroniscus uye mai - Fenareta. Zvimwe baba vake rakanga ravakwa mupfumi. Vaongorori akaita mhedziso iyi inobva pakuti Socrates akanga vakarwa somunhu hoplite, kureva, sezvo akapakata zvombo murwi. Pasinei pfuma vabereki, muzivi haana hanya pfuma uye chaizvo varombo pakazopera upenyu.

dzinopesana zvinyorwa

Socrates vakatsanangura zvaaidzidzisa bedzi nomumukanwa chimiro. Tinoziva nezvazvo siyana, rimwe riri bhuku mufananidzo, uye comedies vake Aristophanes, parodies uye mupenyu. Xenophon uye Plato akaita Socrates Portraits vari posthumous, uye zvakanyorwa mune laudatory nenzira. Zvinyorwa izvi, zvisinei, regai aenzane mumwe muzvinhu zvakawanda. Kunenge, Aristotle mashoko yakavakirwa Plato. vamwe vanyori vakawanda configured ushamwari kana utsinye zvakabatsirawo munhu, uyewo ngano yaSocrates.

Social pedenderedzwa muzivi, kutora chikamu mune hondo

At yatanga iri Peloponnesian War, muzivi aiva nemakore 37 okuberekwa. Pakati vanhu naye akanga ataura kwaari, vaiva vakadzidza kubva mudenderedzwa Pericles - sophist Protagoras, Akerausi musayendisiti, muimbi Damon, uyewo penya Aspasia. Pane uchapupu hwokuti akanga vakajairana yakakurumbira muzivi Anaxagoras. In "Phaedo," hwaPlato Socrates anotaura pamusoro kukangaidzika akanzwa kubva kuverenga zvinyorwa Anaxagoras. Tiri kuziva muzivi vakarovedzwa dialectic pakati Zeno pakati Elea, gare gare vakapinda hurukuro yacho sophist Prodicus, uye akanga ubatanidzwe nharo Thrasymachus, Gorgias uye Antiphon. Socrates akazvisiyanisa muhondo panguva Hondo Potidea, vachirondedzera kune 432 BC. e., apo Delia (424 BC. e.) uye Amfiporisi (422 BC. e.).

Socrates - Delphic Chirevo

Danho rinokosha chaizvo kukura nomuzivi ichi chaiva shoko rake Delphic pangataura, "vakachenjera nevanhu." Izvi ndizvo Plato mu "Apology yaSocrates". Delphic pangataura pachake nezvazvo nemashoko aya. Iye rinofananidza navo kutenda kwake Asi kuti "anoziva chete kuti anoziva chinhu." Muzivi akasvika pamhedziso kuti izvi ndizvo zvinomuita vakachenjera, sezvo vanhu vakawanda havazivi kunyange izvi. Ruzivo sei zvakawanda pachavo mukusaziva kwavo, uye kusaziva vamwe vanhu musimboti yaSocrates 'zvidzidzo. By ichi anotikurudzira mashoko ari zvokutemerwa pamukova wetemberi Apollo pa Delphi. Mashoko ava: "Ziva iwe."

Socrates uye zvematongerwo enyika

By 423 BC. e. Socrates akanga atotendeukira akakurumbira mufananidzo, nokuti chii rava chinhu satirical kurwisa maviri vanozivikanwa vomuAtene Vanoita mitambo yokusetsa - Ameypsiya uye Aristophanes. Muzivi enyika, asi pakati shamwari dzake dzaiva Alcibiades, Critias, uye Charmides Theramenes. Okupedzisira vatatu vakuru Matatu revadzvinyiriri, uyo akapidigura hweruzhinji muAthens. Uye Alcibiades vakauya kusavimbika kumusha kwake nokuti enyika opportunism. Pane uchapupu hwokuti kukurukura nevanhu ava neshungu yavasina Socrates.

Muna 406 BC. e. Tiri kuziva muzivi vakaedza kudzivisa pamutemo uye pakarepo akanyora chirevo nzira kuti yaiswa kuna kururamisira pashure vaAtene rengarava akunda hondo Arginusskih zvitsuwa. Zvinonzi aizivikanwawo kuti muna 404 BC muzivi kuteerera murayiro Matatu revadzvinyiriri hove Leontiev pamwe kuSaramisi, iyo yaisanganisira kwavo proscription mazita.

upenyu Personal

Socrates, kana atova pakukwegura, tambo fundo pamwe Xanthippe. Mukadzi akabereka vatatu vana muzivi. Zvinogoneka kuti ichi chaiva muchato Socrates yechipiri. Muzivi aiva murombo. Ake kujairika chitarisiko uye nyore raiva chirevo.

The kutongwa uye rufu Socrates

Socrates muna 399 akazviratidza pamberi pedare iri mhosva "vanokanganisa mukomana" uye "zvakaipa." Narrow kumucheto mavhoti, akanga ane mhosva. Kana anofunga asingadi kubvuma mhosva yake uye akaedza haana kubvunza kuutapwa pachinzvimbo vaurayiwe, rufu Socrates ave zvokusarudzwa zvakanyanya chipo panguva kutongwa.

Muzivi mujeri kwemwedzi, ipapo mutongo akaurayiwa. Anofunga vakauya mukombe chepfu (hemlock). Akanwa nayo, uye somugumisiro pane yasvika rufu Socrates. mabasa dzakadai Plato se "Phaedo,", "Creighton" uye "Apology yaSocrates", iro rinotaura pamusoro kutongwa, pamusoro pamberi muzivi mutirongo rake nokuurayiwa, immortalized ushingi anofunga inotifadza, kusimba nezvaaitenda.

Mugore 399 BC. e. paiva rufu Socrates. Year zvinonzi kuziva zvakarurama, asi nhamba hazvigoni kunzi. Tinogona chete kutaura kuti muzivi akafa mukupera June kana mangwanani July. Maererano uchapupu hachishandi matatu kare (Apollodorus veAtene, Demetrius Falerskogo uye Plato), nenguva afa anofunga Ndaiva nemakore 70 okuberekwa. Kufa Socrates (ruzhinji vanyori vekare wekuita pariri) akauya kwete zvoga. Zvakaitika nokuti kuti vakanwa muchetura. Zvisinei, The chinokonzera rufu Socrates, achiri pave chokwadi vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika. Pave paya Plato munhaurirano yake "Phaedo," immortalized mufananidzo muzivi, riri mutorwa kuti rufu zvakasikwa, asi pasi ezvinhu, munhu anofanira kufa. Zvisinei, Plato pachake akanga asipo parufu mudzidzisi wake. Iye pachake haana kuona rufu Socrates. Plato akatsanangura zvishoma pahwaro vakararama panguva yayo.

chinyorwa mhosva

Mashoko ari kupomerwa muzivi, rakanga pasi zvokutonga review, akachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi. Nokuti ichi anofanira kurumbidzwa iri shoma-anozivikanwa vanyori sezvo Diogen Laertsky. Zvaanazvo rondedzero vanoda "On muuzivi upenyu", kureva kutanga hafu 3rd remakore BC. e. mashoko aya anokosha Diogen Laertsky, akavapindurawo, akakweretwa mabasa Favorinus pamusoro arles. Murume uyu akanga ane admire yekare, vazivi uye vanyori. Iye chete zvisinei akararama remakore izvi zvisati zvaitika,, mukusiyana kuna Diogenes, handina aona mashoko ari Athens Metroone.

Ruzhinji vaongorori vanobvuma kuti ndiwo mugumisiro kuitwa uturu rakasvika umhare rufu Socrates. Zvisinei, hatigoni kuziva chaizvoizvo kuti sei zvakanga. Ezvinhu rufu Socrates - mumwe zvinofadza zvikuru nguva yake basa.

Dzidziso Socrates

Socrates somudzidzisi, ndiko zvikuru vasingabvumirani nhamba. Kazhinji, chorufu pamusoro pake, tsanangura degeneration kuzvitonga. Asi ndinofanira kutaura kuti muna 403 BC. e. Athens rikaporeswa kweutongi kuti ainzwisisa chaizvo uye kuda vanhu. Akavimba nenhungamiro enyika ruregero, uye zvakasimba kutevedzerwa. Muchiitiko chino, zvose zvinoratidza kuti zvakakura uye kongiri akapomerwa Socrates mu "vanokanganisa mukomana". Zvisinei, unogona chete zvokufungidzira chii chinorehwa ichi. In hwaPlato nhaurirano "Creighton" rinoreva kudzivirirwa muzivi kubva pamabasa ake "kukoromora mutemo." Sezvingabvira, ichi zvinoratidza kuti simba Socrates vaduku panguva kwainzi kurwisa pazuva nheyo panguva vanhu.

Changing nheyo paruzhinji

Jaya, iye akauya kubva kuchikoro zera, kubvira Homer nguva kuwana "dzidzo yepamusoro" kuburikidza kukurukura mukuru. Akateerera kwavari waingoita mirayiridzo kutevedzera unhu vadzidzisi. Saka, pwere akawana unhu akura mugari. Pakati political vepamusoro, akavapindurawo, kubvira chizvarwa nechizvarwa maererano nzira Implementation nehurumende. Asi munguva Socrates mumhuri akarega kuita mabasa ose aya. Vakanga kune imwe dare, iyo vakagamuchira kuumba tsika, yakavambwa zvakananga kuti chinangwa ichi kare pashure Socrates afa. Plato kwakaita Academy aiva kumumvuri ari sangano. Panotangira kwacho kwaingova boka ungwaru kuti ndezvaani ipfupi. vanhu ava vakauya pfungwa "nyanzvi" dzidzo Western Greece uye reIonia.

Chii ndiwo kupomerwa iri "vanokanganisa mukomana"

Socrates akanga kunyanya kuoma nokuti aifanira kuita muAtene. Muna 423 BC. e. maviri chete mutambo - Aristophanes ( "Makore") uye Ameypsy (kwete akachengetedzwa mutambo "Conn") - akanzi muzivi, sezvo akatungamirira chikoro upstart, yakavakirwa - zvidzidzo zviri somwanakomana kusateerera uye kweuduku nokupandukira. Maonero aya mubereko kwatiri nevafungi kuti 399 BC. e. It akapfupikisa mu yakakurumbira vatariri Socrates mu "vanokanganisa mukomana". Kana isu kutendeukira kune nhaurirano pakati muzivi vadzidzi, tinoona kuti kazhinji anomutsa mubvunzo: Vanogona madzibaba vakura akaunza pamusaka vechidiki, kana uchida kudzidza zvakananga?

Socrates sezvo muparidzi ane husingaoneki pfungwa

Kunyange zvakawanda kunakidzwa nokuongorora nemagariro ichikosha dzokutambudzika, tiri pedyo kunzwisisa sei mashoko dialectic yaSocrates aiva nesimba zvakadaro. Pakutanga, zviri kujeka sei kutsanangura chokwadi chokuti kwezvizvarwa maviri hwagara anonakidzwa rechiGiriki muuzivi Socrates, ane rufu chaiva nomusoro. Uye pasinei ndechokuti dzidziso anofunga vakaona nhumbi kuparadzwa.

Kuti tinzwisise izvi, unofanira kufunga kuti nzira yokukurukurirana rakagamuchirwa panguva yokuberekwa Socrates uye sei achinja gare gare. Atene vari padariro pokupedza yezwi shoko kutaura zvakanyorwa. Izvi zvinokanganisa, uyewo, kuti mutauro, uyewo huvandudzike kuchinja mune mhando chavanoziva. kuchinja izvi kunogona kutsanangurwa se kuchinja kubva mufananidzo kuti abstraction, kubva nhetembo kuti prose, kubva kunzwisisa kuti ndaisagona ruzivo. Nepo husingaoneki pfungwa sechinhu mutsva, zvinoshamisa kuziva. Kuti Socrates aiva kwayo Herald.

The "Makore" pamusoro Aristophanes akasekwa muzivi somunhu anofunga chaihwoihwo vakananga "myslilnyu" anotsvaka "pfungwa". Uyewo, akatanga kuti pfungwa mupristi, ichikwira kumatenga, sokunge kumakore. "Pfungwa," evoked kuseka apo chete nokuti. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muna Aristofana Sokrat anoshandisa kutaura itsva, anotaura kuti chaihwoihwo jargon, umo pfungwa kuoneka mune kukurukura.

Vadzidzi anofunga kugarofunga pfungwa inotifadza, anosekwa Aristophanes, anoratidzwa kuva kutsvaka tsanangudzo kuti akasiyana siyana zvisiri pachena akadai se "zvakanaka" uye "akanaka", uyewo mutoo rakasikwa mutauro chaiwo, achibatsirwa yatiri kutaura hapana chaicho ruzivo, uye Conceptual ruzivo.

Life, dzidziso, rufu Socrates - izvi zvose tinoudzwa. Mumwe kutaura panguva urefu pamusoro ichi chinoshamisa muzivi. Tinovimba kuti nyaya iyi yava muzofarira kwaari.