Dambudziko womunhu uzivi uye kunzwisisa kwayo chaizvo kwakasiyana-siyana ouzivi

Kuva uye nyika yevanhu vakaita sayenzi zhinji yomukati, asi chinangwa, nzvimbo uye hunhu wouzivi chete anofunga munyika. Tinogona kutaura kuti dambudziko murume zvoruzivo mumwe matambudziko ayo huru. Long kubva pane tsanangudzo dzakawanda kuva rwevanhu. Kunyange kare jokingly akataura nezve "biped pasina minhenga", apo Aristotle akaratidza chaizvo nomazvo uye muchidimbu - munhu ari zoon politikon, kureva, ndaisagona mhuka, zvisingagone kurarama pasina mumagariro vezvenhau. Mune Renaissance, Pico della Mirandola , yake "Mashoko ari musimboti murume," akadaro kuti hazvisi vanhu imwe nzvimbo munyika uye yakajeka pokugumira - vari ukuru hwavo kumuka kupfuura vatumwa, uye uipi hwake kuwira pasi madhimoni. Pakupedzisira, French existentialist muzivi Sartre akadana vanhu "kuvapo, iyo inotanga chaizvoizvo", zvichireva kuti vanhu vanoberekwa somunhu zvipenyu isangano, uye tava kunzwisisa.

Man uzivi Fani sokuti setisina chaizvo unhu. Man rudzi "chirongwa", iye pachake anosika. Saka, zviri unogona kwete chete kune basa, asiwo kune "kuzvipira zvisikwa", kureva kuchinja pacharo, uye nokuzvidzora ruzivo. Zvisinei, upenyu uye mabasa evanhu takatsunga uye parinoperera nguva, kuti ndiwo munondo Damocles yakarembera pamusoro pavo. Man pave kwete pachavo chete, asiwo "hunhu wechipiri", tsika, saka sezvo Heidegger akariisa, "doubling pekuzvarwa." Uyezve, anoti zvakafanana muzivi, iri "ari, izvo anofunga kuti ndiye Genesis." Uye, pakupedzisira, murume zvinoisa yose kumativi kuyerwa yake. Kunyange Protagoras akati kuti munhu nechiyero zvose zvinhu zvakasikwa, uye vazivi kubva Parmenides kuna Hegel akaedza kuziva munhu uye kufunga.

Dambudziko womunhu uzivi akaiswa uyewo maererano ukama pakati Microcosm - kureva nyika womunhu yomukati, macrocosm - yakapoteredza nyika. In Ayurveda, vekare Chinese uye uzivi hwechiGiriki murume akanga anzwisisa sezvo chikamu Cosmos, chete isingachinji "murayiro" hunhu. Zvisinei, rekare chaivapo Socratics akadai Diogenes pamusoro neAporonia, Heraclitus, uye Anaximenes uye vakaita zvakasiyana maonero, vanonzi "paralellizma" micro- uye macrocosm, maererano murume sezvo mufananidzo kana chiratidzo pakati macrocosm. Kubva uchapupu ichi akatanga kukudziridza zvoga anthropology, solvent murume ari muchadenga (munhu ine chete okunze uye okunze).

Dambudziko womunhu uzivi uye kuedza kurigadzirisa akatungamirira kune chokwadi kuti muchadenga uye zvisikwa vakatanga kunzwisisa anthropomorphic, sezvo mupenyu uye muviri womudzimu. Pfungwa iyi inotaurwa zvikuru yekare cosmological mythologems "World pracheloveka" (Purusha ari Indian vedas, Ymir muna Air "Edda" Pan gu muchiChinese uzivi, Adam Kadmon vechiJudha Kabbalah). Kubva ichi kwakamuka yezvakaita muviri womunhu, anewo "mweya yepasi pose" (pamwe kuti vakabvumirana Heraclitus, Anaximander, Plato, nevaStoiki), uye zvisikwa izvi kazhinji kuzivikanwa ane mhando immanent humwari. Zivo nyika semaonero iyi maonero, kazhinji anoita somunhu kuzvipira ruzivo. Space NeoPlatonists zvazvichanyungudutswa kugeza uye pfungwa.

Saka, kuvapo nomuviri womunhu uye mweya (kana, kutaura zvazviri, muviri, mweya uye mweya) wakasika mumwe kupokana kunozivisa chinetso munhu zvouzivi. Maererano nerimwe maonero, mweya uye muviri - ndidzo mhando mbiri akasiyana chete zvinoreva (vateveri dzaAristotle), uye maererano nemamwe - vari vaviri vakasiyana chaizvo (vateveri hwaPlato). Mukudzidzisa pamusoro tama kwemweya (nezvekumwe Indian, Chinese, muIjipiti uye pamwe uzivi hwechiGiriki) muganhu pakati zvipenyu zviri pafoni chaizvo, asi chete zvisikwa munhu kuedza kuti "rusununguko" kubva joko vhiri hwekurarama.

The dambudziko murume munhoroondo uzivi wakaonekwa nezvaanoreva. Vedanta Ayurveda musimboti murume rinodana atman, ayo mukati kugutsikana fanana yenhungamiro - the Brahmin. Nokuti Aristotle, murume - chisikwa pamwe ndaisagona mweya uye tichikwanisa mumagariro upenyu. Uzivi Christian nominated munhu nzvimbo chaiyo - ari "nomufananidzo waMwari", iye panguva iyoyo nokuda kuwa forked. Mune Renaissance, pathetically akazivisa kuzvionera kwevanhu. European rationalism dzazvino kwakaita ayo sirogani kutaura Descartes kuti mafungiro - chiratidzo chokuvapo. The nevafungi of XVIII remakore - Lamettrie Franklin - kuzvibatanidza kuziva kwevanhu ane mashandiro kana "mhuka, ndinosika zvokurarama kugadzirwa." German Uzivi chekare kunzwisisa somunhu mupenyu kuvimbika kwevanhu (zvikurukuru, Hegel akati kuti munhu - mudariro kukura Wamazvirokwazvo Idea), uye Marxism anoedza chokubatanidza dzinongoitika uye nemagariro ari munhu achibatsirwa yokukakavadzniswa pfuma. Zvisinei, mugore rechimakumi maviri uzivi remakore ari hunodzorwa personalism chisingazivi omerera "chaizvoizvo" munhu, uye ayo kusiyana, mavambo uye munhu akazvimiririra.