Planck kuti pfungwa: pakutanga quantum nyika

Nyaya ino inotsanangura chii pfungwa pamusoro Planck, ndianiko dzayo muvambi, uye kuti zvaikosha kuti kukura nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Also kuratidzwa kuri kukosha quantization pfungwa yose Microcosm.

Smartphone uye quantum wefizikisi

The ano nyika yakatipota yakasiyana chaizvo michina kubva zvose zvaizivikanwa kwemamwe makore zana apfuura. izvi zvose vakava zvinogoneka chete nokuti kuti kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, masayendisiti kukurira chipingamupinyi uye pakupedzisira munzwisise fuma iri pamwero muduku hakusi kuramba. Uye ini akazarura nguva kubvuma ake anoshamisa munhu - Maks nepuranga.

Biography Planck

zita rake riri: mumwe mumuviri constants, quantum mukana wokuti vanhu vanga, vezvesayenzi muGermany, imwe asteroid mwena pamusoro mwedzi, imwe nzvimbo teresikopu. mufananidzo wake akavezera pamusoro mari uye akadhindwa pamusoro inoratidza uye Banknotes. Sei aiva munhu Maks nepuranga? Akaberekerwa nepakati namapfumbamwe remakore, kwakabva mhuri German vanokudzwa yevarombo. Pakati madzibaba ake akanga akawanda akanaka magweta uye vafundisi. dzidzo M.Plank zvakanaka, asi yefizikisi vashandi jokingly akaritumidza "kuzvidzora vakadzidzisa". Basic zivo musayendisiti akasimuka kubva mumabhuku.

Planck kwakaita pfungwa akazvarwa kubva kubvuma kuti hunonzi hwokurara. achisimudzira "sayenzi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha" musimboti yake basa sayenzi. In World Wokutanga War Planck vakaedza kuchengeta nevanhu vokunze navo kubva vavengi Germany. Asvike vaNazi akamubata somunhu mukuru munharaunda guru nesayenzi - uye musayendisiti akatsvaka kudzivirira vashandi vavo, vakabatsira kuenda kunze kune vaya vakatiza kubva hurumende. Saka kuti pfungwa pamusoro Planck akanga asiri oga yaakanga zvairemekedzwa. Zvisinei, haana kutaura pachena kuzorwa Hitler, sokuti achiziva kuti kwete kukuvadza pachavo chete, asiwo kubatsira avo vaiida. Zvinosuruvarisa yefizikisi vazhinji havana kugamuchira nzvimbo iyi Planck uye akarega rakatarisana naye. Aiva nevana vashanu, gotwe uye chete vakapona baba vake. Mwanakomana mukuru akatora wokutanga, pakati - the Second World War. vanasikana vaviri havana kupukunyuka yokusununguka. Muchiitiko chino, vomunguva akataura kuti chete imba yakanga Planck pachake.

matura quanta

Kubva kuchikoro nyanzvi achifarira mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Panoti sezvinotevera: chero muitiro iri chete kuwedzera mhirizhonga uye kurasikirwa simba kana vakawanda. Ndiye wokutanga kuzoumba nenzira iyi - maererano entropy, izvo zvinogona chete kuwedzera munyika thermodynamic ino. Gare gare, ibasa ichi zvakakonzera pfungwa kuti yakakurumbira Planck akanga akagadzira. Aivawo mumwe wevaya akatanga tsika kugoverana samhu uye wefizikisi, potse mukusika chikamu yokungotaura wevakabhuroka. sayenzi zvose zvakasikwa pamberi pake pakanga vakavhengana, uye kuedza vakanga anoitwa mumarabhoritari kuroorwa, izvo akapotsa havana wakasiyana alchemical.

Pfungwa pamusoro quanta

Kudzidza entropy ari remagetsi nemafungu mukati Pakuurayiwa oscillators, uye inobva experimental Data vakawana kwemazuva maviri asati October 19, 1900, Planck masayendisiti akatanga imwe nzira iyo kuti gare gare nezita rake. It rinobatanidza simba uye wavelength pamusoro mwaranzi tembiricha (ari vakaomerwa nyaya kuti blackbody). Akatevera usiku vaaishanda navo pasi pokutungamirira Rubens vaedza kuti asimbise pfungwa iyi. Uye iye akanga zvakarurama! Zvisinei, kuratidza hunonzi vachiwana kubva ichi nzira pfungwa todzivisa haaperi mhando kwemasvomhu kuoma Planck aifanira kuziva kuti simba iri chaibwinya haana kuramba rukova, sepakutanga ndakafunga, uye zvikamu munhu (E = hν). Izvi zviri kudhonzwa pasi pose pfungwa imwe hwakasimba. Planck kwakaita quantum pfungwa revolutionized wefizikisi.

Migumisiro yacho quantization

Pakutanga, musayendisiti haana kukosha kwake kuziva. Kwekanguva, iyo nzira yakashandiswa chete akaberekwa navo senzira iri nyore yokuderedza uwandu kwemasvomhu remapazi kuverenga. Panguva iyoyo sezvo Planck nemamwe masayendisiti vakashandisa chichiitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga pamusoro Maxwell. Kuvhiringidzika chete H kugara, vakakoniwa vanokwanisa kupa chaiko nechinangwa. Chete gare gare Albert Eynshteyn uye Paul Ehrenfest, kuverenga zvose zvakavapo idzva radioactivity uye kuedza kuwana kwemasvomhu kururamiswa pakati Manyiminya spectra, akaona kukosha chii Planck pfungwa. Zvinonzi mushumo pamusoro iyo nzira yakatanga akaita kuti quantization simba, chakavhura idzva nguva wefizikisi. Zvichida, Einstein aiva wokutanga kuziva pakutanga. Saka zviri yake chikwereti zvakare.

Chii quantized

inoti zvose kuti anogona kutora iri chero zvokutanga nezvimedu vari discrete. Electronic vavharirwa anogona riri chete zvimwe zvese. Excitation atomu sezvo nevakomana muitiro - achine kunoitika zvakare kwemashifiti. Chero remagetsi kusakarongeka - ane kupanana photons ose zvakakodzera simba. The simba zveefa atomu wevanhu kudzorwa chete nokunzwisisa discrete hunhu simba siyana. Tinovimba zvino kuti vaverengi haachavi mubvunzo, chii pfungwa pamusoro Planck, uye chii chiri kukanganisa kwayo pamusoro ano, izvo zvinoreva kuti mumwe nomumwe pavanhu.