Mutemo wethermodynamics rokutanga uye rechipiri

Tisati funga wokutanga uye chechipiri mutemo wethermodynamics, zvakafanira kutsanangura chii chinorehwa nemashoko okuti "wethermodynamics". Panyaya iyi, shoko anotaura pacharo: zviri nyore kuona kuti vamwe vaviri - "chafariz" uye "simba". Apo Greek anotendeuka "Kupisa tembiricha" uye "simba, kufamba, shanduko." Nemamwe mashoko, wethermodynamics anomiririra mumwe mapazi wefizikisi, kudzidza zvinoitwa kupisa kutendeuka kune mamwe marudzi simba ndiEzekieri. Panyaya iyi chafariz inofamba zvinhu Microcosm (maatomu, mamorekuru, inoramba) haana kuiswawo pakati akati muchikamu uye anodzidzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo nesayenzi. Wethermodynamics chine yose makro hurongwa, izvo nokuda mari, kufurirwa inozivikanwa uye nezvimwewo.

sainzi ichi inobva zvimwe zvinokosha zvinhu (zero, kutanga, mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics), vakagamuchirwa ari postulates. Vakanga vakatsunga experimentally uye anotsigirwa nevanhu yokungotaura Masvomhu. The ukama pakati pavo zvisina kunanga chete, kubva pakutanga rakananga goho mumwe kubva mumwe hazvibviri.

Pane zvina kutanga - riine razero nezuva retatu. Ngationei achibva zvinoreva neimwe. mutemo Zero wethermodynamics rinoti kuti chero hurongwa ruchigona kune thermodynamic zvakanyatsoenzana, saka pakupedzisira mune mwero pamwe kunyangarika ari kwokunze chiito. Kungava nyayawo hurongwa nokusingaperi.

Mumwe mukuru - ndiwo mutemo wethermodynamics okutanga. Wakatanga akagadzira muzana remakore rechi19. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye mutemo kuchengetedza simba pachinhu zviri kuitika macrosystems thermodynamic kwendangariro. Nenzira, kazhinji tichibatsirwa uchapupu ichi akaramba mukana kuvapo nokusingaperi inofamba muchina, nekuti kuita basa zvakakodzera kuti externally kukurukura mamwe simba hurongwa. Maererano naye, ari namahwindo kure gadziriro simba mutengo nguva dzose inoramba zvakafanana.

Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics inozivikanwa vose kubva pauduku. Maererano naye, chafariz simba anogona zvinongorevawo kuparadzirwa mune mirayiridzo mumwe chete - kubva inodziya muviri kuti zvishoma kupopotedzana. Somuenzaniso, nei ari chando mumugwagwa zvinoita kuti chando, sezvo ambient tembiricha dererei pane kuti muviri womunhu, iyo chinokonzera kupisa. Mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics ndechimwe chezvinhu vakakurumbira. Mumwe nemigumisiro yayo anoratidza kuti yose womukati simba wegadziriro hazvigoni kutendeuka zvachose kupinda anobatsira basa. Chii kunakidza, mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics vari mathematically provable. Nokugadzirira muzvizhinji kuti kuedza, muenzaniso uyu hwokurara, vakazobvumirana ive axiom.

Ndeupi mumwe zvinoumba kuti munguva mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics? Entropy! Izvi izwi muchiGiriki rinoreva "kuchinja." Entropy runozivisa chero thermodynamic ezvinhu uye ari kushanda nehurumende. Vakawanda zvinogona vaifungidzira kuti entropy rinoratidza kuzvipira chero hurongwa nyonganyonga. R. Clausius, uyo akafunga rokuti thermodynamic pezvakaitwa sezvo tsanangudzo akapa muenzaniso kuoma nechando nemvura zvinomiririra mvura mvura ezvinhu panguva muganhu razero Celsius. Zvinokosha kushuma chikamu zvokunze simba, zvakakwanira kusaenzana, nemvura ichichinja yakasimba mamiriro (chando). Kana shanduko iyi nokuda womukati nemamiriro simba asunungurwa. Muchiitiko chino, ndiko reversible muitiro. Saizvozvowo, kuti entropy shanduko iri nhamba yaipedzerwa chafariz simba paMhedziso tembiricha ukoshi. Mumwe mugumisiro zvinoratidza kuti mune namahwindo enyika pasina zvokunze simba entropy inowedzerawo.