The mabhomba kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki: Zvinokonzera uye Consequences

Gore rakatevera, vanhu vachange vapemberere 70 gore Yechipiri World War, yavivshey mienzaniso yakawanda risingaenzaniswi utsinye, kana kuti mazuva mashoma kana kunyange maawa inonyangarika pachiso chenyika guta rose uye vakauraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu, kusanganisira vanhuwo zvavo. The muenzaniso wakajeka kupfuura ndiwo kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki, chokuita kururamiswa nokuda panodamwa kupinda mubvunzo nechinhu musoro munhu.

Japan munguva yokupedzisira zvokukura Hondo Yenyika II

Sezvaunoziva, Nazi Germany mapfumo pausiku May 9, 1945. Izvi zvaireva kuguma hondo muEurope. Uyewo chokwadi chokuti chete anokumhan'arira Anti-yechiFascist mubatanidzwa akaramba Imperial Japan, iyo panguva iyoyo yaratidza pachena hondo anenge 6 gumi nevaviri nyika. Nechekare somugumisiro ropa hondo mauto ayo dzakamanikidzwa kusiya Indonesia uye Indochina muna June 1945. Asi kana United States, pamwe Britain uye China akapa kokupedzisira kuti murayiro Japanese, wakarambwa musi 26 Chikunguru. Muchiitiko chino, kunyange panguva iyo Yalta Conference, Soviet Union akaita kuzvipira muna August kutanga hombe-pamwero tsamwisa pamusoro Japan, idzo kuguma hondo, aifanira hwakatamisirwa South Sakhalin uye Kuril Islands.

Prerequisites vanoshandisa mabhomba zvombo

Kare kare zviitiko izvi, mumatsutso 1944 pamusangano vatungamiri USA uye UK akabata zvingangoita kushandisa idzva sverhrazrushitelnyh mabhomba pamusoro Japan. Pashure paizvozvo, yakakurumbira Manhattan Project, yakatanga gore akapfuura uye nechinangwa paakasika zvombo zvenyukireya, zvakatanga kushanda nesimba rakawedzerwa, uye ushande pakusikwa ayo ivhu okutanga zvakapedzwa pakazopera rehondo mu Europe.

PaHiroshima neNagasaki: Inoita kubhomba

Saka, pakazosvika chirimo 1945, US akava oga muridzi zvombo zvenyukireya munyika uye vakasarudza kushandisa mukana uyu kuti vomanikidza anokumhan'arira yako uye panguva iyoyo kushamwaridzana Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa - USSR.

Panguva iyoyowo, zvisinei kukundwa, morale Japan haana wakaputsika. Sezvinoratidzwa ndechokuti ose zuva mazana varwi Imperial Army rakava Kamikaze Kaiten ndokutyaira ndege dzavo uye Avangard ngarava uye dzimwe vanonangwa nemauto US Army. Izvi zvaireva kuti panguva pasi kushanda munharaunda Japan pacharo batana mauto vanotarisira kurasikirwa hombe. Kuti chikonzero okupedzisira nhasi kupfuura zvinowanzotaurwa US vakuru sezvo chikonzero mururamisire kudiwa zviyero dzakadai kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki. Tino kanganwa kuti, mumashoko Churchill, mavhiki matatu asati ari Potsdam musangano , Stalin vakamuudza pamusoro kuedza vokuJapan chokuunza runyararo nhaurirano. Zviri pachena kuti mashoko nevamiririri munyika yakadaro kuenda kuti vokuAmerica uye British, sezvo hombe kubhomba mumaguta makuru vakaisa indasitiri dzavo mauto vatarisana pokuwa uye akaita zvisingadzivisiki capitulation.

kusarudza kurwisa

Pashure pokugamuchira chibvumirano pfungwa iri kushandiswa mabhomba zvombo pamusoro Japan, komiti chaiyo rakaumbwa. musangano wayo wechipiri wakaitwa May 10-11 uye chakatsaurwa kuti kusarudzwa maguta zvaifanira wakabhombwa. Huru dzekuziva kuti muperekedzi Komisheni vaiva:

• Vanosungirwa kuvapo dzakapoteredza rechiuto chipfuro sevhiriyeni zvinhu;
• kukosha kwayo nokuti Japanese vanhu, kwete chete kubva zvoupfumi uye inokosha nemaonero, asiwo kubva mupfungwa;
• refu mwero kukosha chinhu, kuparadzwa izvo zvingaita resonance munyika;
• chinangwa haafaniri kunge damage kubhomba, kuti mauto vaigona kunzwisisa simba zvombo zvitsva wechokwadi.

Iro guta vaiona sezvo chipfuro

Kuwanda "musarudzo" vaiva:

• Kyoto, rinova kupfuura maindasitiri netsika muzinda uye guta guru rekare Japan;
• Hiroshima somunhu muchiuto chiteshi inokosha uye guta apo hondo zvakachengetwa dzichiitika;
• Yokohama, inova musimboti uto indasitiri;
• Kokura - nzvimbo guru rehondo zvombo.

Maererano netsamba kupukunyuka vechikamu zviitiko, kunyange chinangwa zvikuru yakakodzera yakanga Kyoto, United States uto Minister G. Stimson vakasimbirira achisiya guta kubva pamazita, sezvo akanga pachake kuziva zvayo zvisakamboonekwa uye raimiririra kukosha vavo tsika nyika.

Sezvineiwo, kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki pakutanga havana breaded. More chaizvo, sezvo chinangwa wechipiri kwainzi guta Kokura. Izvi runoratidzwa ndechokuti risati August 9, muNagasaki akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze chinhu airstrike kuti akaita hanya uye akamanikidza vagari kutama vakawanda vadzidzi mumisha yakapoteredza. Papera chinguva, somugumisiro kurefu kupembedza vanonangwa vakasarudzwa, pakuparwa kurongerwa. Ivo:

• wokutanga kubhomba, kana asina kukwanisa varove Hiroshima - Niigata;
• nokuti wechipiri (panzvimbo Kokura) - Nagasaki.

kudzidza

The mabhomba kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki akabvunza kunyatsogadzirira. Munguva yechipiri yezana May uye June, pane imwe mujinga pachitsuwa Tinian rakazotamisirwa 509 vakasuwa hwoupenyu Air Group US Air Force, saka asina kuchengeteka matanho akatorwa. Kwapera mwedzi, musi waJuly 26 pachitsuwa vakauya mabhomba bhomba "Kakomana" uye nhamba 28 zvinoumba kuti ungano "Fat Man". Pazuva iroro Dzhordzh Marshall, uyo panguva iyoyo akabata pambiru sachigaro Joint Chiefs pakati Staff, akaisa siginicha yake pasi kuitira kutungamirira ezvidzidzo bombardment yenyukireya chero nguva pashure August 3, kana paine yakakwana mamiriro ekunze.

mabhomba Kurwisa wokutanga Japan

Musi kubhomba pakati paHiroshima neNagasaki haagoni kunzi zvakajeka sezvo zvenyukireya kurwisa maguta aya dzaiitwa aine musiyano pakati 3 days.

Yokutanga furidza akanga akuvadzwa musi Hiroshima. Zvino June 6,-gore ra1945. "Kudza" akadonhedza bhomba "Kakomana" akaenda vashandi ari ndege B-29, zita remadunhurirwa ari "Enola Gay", akarayira Colonel Tibbets. Uye asati kubhururuka vezvikepe, nechokwadi kuti kuita basa rakanaka uye nokuda kwavo "Feat" ichateverwa kubudikidza kunokurumidza kwemamiriro hondo, akashanyira kereke uye akagamuchira chinu pamwe potassium cyanide panyaya kudonha muutapwa.

Pamwechete "Enola Gay" akakwira matatu ushori ndege mudenga, zvakagadzirirwa kuti asarudze okunze uye bead 2 Photographic uye namano kuti kudzidza parameters kuti kuputika.

Iye kubhomba akatora nzvimbo zvachose pasina matambudziko, sezvo mauto Japanese haana kuona zvinhu kumhanyira kuna Hiroshima, uye kunze zvinopfuura zvakanaka. Zvakazoitika kuonekwa nokutarira tepi "the Atomic kubhomba pakati paHiroshima neNagasaki" - imwe vhidhiyo vakaungana kubva newsreels kwakaitwa Pacific pamugumo wenyika Second World War.

Zvikurukuru, pane zvinoratidzwa howa gore, izvo, maererano Captain Roberta Lyuisa, uyo aiva nhengo vashandi ari "Enola Gay", aiva ichionekwawo pashure ndege yavo nendege achibva zvinoyerera pfungwa mabhomba 400 mamaira.

Kubhomba pamusoro Nagasaki

Zvakasiyana akatanga kushanda kusiyira bhomba, "Fat Man", akatakurwa ari 9 August. Kazhinji, Mabhomba pakati paHiroshima neNagasaki, mapikicha izvo kumutsa shamwari pamwe kuvazivisa kurondedzerwa of Apocalypse, yave kunyatsogadzirira, uye chinhu choga kuti kuchinja kuti ayo Implementation, aiva mamiriro okunze. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika apo mangwanani August 9, chitsuwa Tinian ndege nendege pasi murayiro Major Charles Sweeney uye mabhomba bhambu, "Fat Man" mundege. In maawa 8 10 maminitsi bhodhi asvika panzvimbo paakange ari kusangana rechipiri - the B-29, asi haana kumuwana. Mushure maminitsi 40 yokumirira, kwakasarudzwa kuti kubhomba ndege asina shamwari, asi zvakazoitika kuti guta Kokura kwave 70% -owned ramakore. Uyezve, kunyange pamberi ndege aiziva mafuta pombi kukundikana, uye panguva bhodhi raiva pamusoro Kokura, zvakava pachena kuti nzira chete itangezve kuti "Fat Man" - kuzviita panguva kutiza pamusoro Nagasaki. Ipapo B-29 akaenda kuguta uye akaita Reset pamusoro mabhomba bhomba, achitungamirirwa munhandare womunharaunda. Saka, nemasanga Kokura akaponeswa, uye nyika yose aiziva kuti paiva mabhomba kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki. Sezvineiwo, kana shoko rakadaro zvachose yakakodzera pane iyi, bhomba akawira kubva chepakutanga, zvikuru kure dzinogarwa nzvimbo, akaderedza rufu uwandu zvishoma.

Migumisiro yacho kubhomba pakati paHiroshima neNagasaki

Maererano zvakaona, mumaminitsi mashoma vose vaya vari mukati nharaunda ine 800 metres kubva kwacho ari kuputika, akafa. Ipapo moto atanga, mavakanga vari Hiroshima vakakurumidza ikava dutu nokuti mhepo, nokumhanya wakanga anenge 50-60 km / awa.

The kubhomba kwenyukireya pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki uye akatanga vanhu kutanga yakadai nemwaranzi kurwara. Wokutanga kuona vanachiremba yake. Vakashamiswa kuti ezvinhu vakapukunyuka pakutanga, nani, uye ipapo akafa kubva chirwere, zviratidzo zvakanga zvakafanana manyoka. Mumazuva okutanga uye pashure rakachengetedzwa zvakataurwa kubhomba pakati paHiroshima neNagasaki mwedzi, vashoma angadai akafanotaura kuti vaya vaigara kuburikidza zvichava zvose zvangu upenyu kutambudzika nezvirwere zvakasiyana siyana, uye kunyange kubereka vana hakuvaki.

zvakazoitika

August 9, pakarepo pashure nhau kubhomba pakati Nagasaki uye Chirevo hondo ne Soviet Union, Emperor Hirohito akataura vachida pakarepo kusarenda, akapa kuti nyika simba rake. Asi pashure 5 mazuva Japanese vezvenhau akashuma mashoko ake pamusoro kumira ruvengo mumutauro Chirungu. Uyezve, mune mashoko Rake mambo akataura kuti chimwe zvikonzero sarudzo yake ndiro pamberi muvengi "zvombo zvinotyisa", kushandiswa izvo zvinogona kukuparadzwa rwacho.