Paramende ndeye ... Paramendearyism muRussia

Paramende yehurumende ndiyo hurongwa hwehurumende hutungamiri hwechikwata chinoratidzirwa nekuparadzanisa zvakajeka kwebumbiro remitemo uye rekutonga. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutungamiri wepamutemo wepamutemo anofanira kuve nechinzvimbo chakanaka. Nyaya ino inotsanangura kuti parliamentarism iri kuRussia nedzimwe nyika, zvikamu zvekuumbwa kwayo uye zvinhu.

Chii chiri Paramende?

Paramende inhengo yepamusoro yemumiriri wehurumende. Inoshanda pachigarire uye inosarudzwa nehuwandu hwenyika. Ndiro kushamwaridzana kwake nemimwe mitumbi yenyika inonzi "paramende". Iri sangano rinoratidzwawo nekukudzwa mundima yepamutemo.

Paramende inoita mamwe mabasa: mumiririri, anobatanidza uye kutonga. Yokutanga ndechokuti inoratidza kuda kwevanhu. Vanhu sevanongova chete uye mubati mukuru wesimba vanopa simba reparamende panzvimbo iyo kuti rizadzise basa rekutonga. Basa rekubatanidza nderokuti inhengo yehurumende yekugadzirisa zvinetso. Uyewo, paramende inodanwa kuti inoratidze hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwevanhu, vatauri vezvematongerwo enyika. Basa raro rechitatu nderokuti mitemo yakagadziriswa nayo ndiyo inonyanya kugadzirisa hukama hwehukama.

Zviratidzo zveParamende

Paramende yehurumende inzira yekukurukurirana pakati pehurumende nemasangano. Zvarwo zvaro zvepamutemo uye zvepamutemo, zviri mune chimwe chimiro kana chimwe chinogadziriswa mubumbiro reMitemo, ndizvo zvinotevera

1. Kugadziriswa kwemasimba emitemo uye masimba.
2. Nzvimbo inokosha yeparamende uye kusununguka kwavo kwepamutemo kubva kuvhoti.

Pane zvimwe zviratidzo, asi hazvisi mitemo.

Paramende yekare haina kubatana nemhando dzakasiyana dzehurumende. Ichi chinoshamisa ndicho chimiro chemazuva ose emazuva ano ehurumende yenyika. Paramende yeRussia inofananidzwawo nehutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika.

Kubva munhoroondo yenyika yeparamende

Kudzoka mu VI. BC. E. MuAtene, kubva kune vapfumi vakapfuma vakasarudza sangano rinobatanidzwa - iyo Council of four hundred. Asi kuumbwa kweparamende inoshandiswa mumazuva ano kuitika muzana remakore rechi13. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekubudirira muEngland kwemuviri wemumiririri chaiwo. Zvisinei, paramende inowana simba rechokwadi chete mushure mekudzoka kwezana remakore rechi17 ne18. Zvadaro munyika dzakawanda dzekuMadokero kweEurope kune miviri yakamiririra yemasimba emutemo.

Muna 1688, Bill yeHurumende yakagamuchirwa muEngland , uko nzvimbo yeparamende muhurumende yehurumende yakatanga kutsanangurirwa. Pano akapiwa masimba emitemo. Imwe yemitemo inokosha yeparamende yakagadziridzwa zvakare. Akazivisa mutoro wevashumiri kumusangano wemumiriri weMutemo.

Muna 1727, kwekutanga kuEngland, paramende yakaumbwa pamutambo.

Kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kweparamende muRussia

Paramende inonyanya kusanganisira imwe yenzvimbo dzehurumende. MuRussia akazviratidza munguva ichangopfuura. Asi hutachiona hweparamende hunoonekwa kunyange munguva dzeKivan Rus. Chimwe chezviremera munyika ino chaiva chevanhu veche. Uyu musangano waiva nheyo iyo vanhu vakabatanidzwa mukugadzirisa zvinetso zvevanhu. Vose vagari verusununguko vehurumende yeKiev vanokwanisa kutora chikamu muVeche.

Chikamu chinotevera mukugadzirwa kweparamende muRussia chiratidzo cheZemsky Sobor. Vakaita basa guru mubasa rekutonga. Zemsky Sobors yaiva nemakamuri maviri. Munharaunda yepamusoro maiva nevatungamiriri, vakuru vepamusoro, nhengo dze Boyar Duma. Vasi pasi vaisanganisira vamiririri vakasarudzwa kubva pakati pevakuru uye vanhu vomumaguta.

Mumazuva akazotevera emhedziso yeumambo, pfungwa dzeparamende dzakagadzirwa, asi kwakanga kusina sangano rinokosha remutemo kunze kwekutonga kwemambo.

Nyika yeParlamentation muzana remakore rechi20

Kutanga kwekuvandudzwa muna 1905 kwakaratidza kuchinja kwenyika kubva kumadzimambo kuenda kunebumbiro remitemo uye kutanga kweparamende. Gore rino mambo akasaina ma-manifestos akakwirira. Vakasimbisa mutemo mutsva wezvemitemo munyika - State Duma. Kubvira ipapo, hapana chiito chakatanga kushanda pasina kubvumirwa kwayo.

Muna 1906, paramende yakaumbwa, ine makamuri maviri. Pasi - State Duma, uye kumusoro-iyo State Council. Makamuri maviri aya aive nemutemo wekutanga. Vakatumira mabasa avo kumambo. Imwe yepamusoro yekamuri yakanga yakasikwa nemuviri wemumiririri. Chimwe chikamu chevatungamiri varo chakasarudzwa naMambo, uye imwe yakasarudzwa kubva pakati pevakuru, vafundisi, vatengesi vakuru, nezvimwewo. Imba yepasi yaiva rudzi rwemumiririri.

Paramende muSoviet Russia

Mushure megore raOctober Revolution, sangano rekare remasimba enyika rakaparadzwa zvachose. Panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa ye "paramende" yakadzokorora. Sangano idzva guru rehurumende rakasikwa-iyo yose-Russian Congress yeSoviet. Yakaumbwa kuburikidza nesarudzo, yakabatanidzwa mumatanho akawanda, kubva kune vakatsigiri vemagungano emunharaunda. Panguva imwecheteyo, hurongwa hwekumiririra hwaive hwakarongedzwa nenzira yakadai kuti muSoviet mazhinji aive evashandi, uye kwete kune varimi. Iyi congress haina kushanda nguva dzose. Ndicho chikonzero iyo All-Russian Executive Executive yeSoviet yakasarudzwa kubva pakati pemitezo yayo. Akaita nekuenderera mberi uye aive nemasimba emitemo uye masimba. Gare gare, Upper Council yakasikwa. Mutumbi uyu waiva nemitemo yepamutemo uye yakasarudzwa nechisarudzo chakanaka chakavanzika.

Paramende muRussia panguva ino

Mutemo we 1993 muRussia wakagadzira hurongwa hutsva hwehurumende. Nhasi, mutemo wemutemo uye nhengo inotungamirira yeparamende inozivikanwa nesangano renyika.

Federal Assembly inosanganisira makamuri maviri. Yokutanga ndiyo Federation Federation, yechipiri ndiyo State Duma. Kwekutanga, imba yepasi yeparamende yeRussia yakatanga basa rayo munaDecember 1993. Yaiva nevatongi makumi mana.