Organic kana chicherwa akakura. Kupatsanura pakati Organic yeimwe

Fuma zvinosanganisira maviri kana kupfuura zvinoriumba, chinhu chisinganzwisisiki Organic kana inorganic akakura. Zvichienderana nenhumbi kunotemwa nemashoko aro unhu, akafanana uye zvimwe zviratidzo. The makemikari kupa mu zvakatipoteredza akawanda. Vamwe vavo vane kunobatsira, uye imwe - kunoparadza zvazvinoita zvipenyu. The chicherwa yeimwe varipo vari inorganic hunhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira sarufa, graphite, jecha uye nezvimwewo. Kune akawanda features, izvo kunorondedzerwa ane Organic kana chicherwa akakura.

nhoroondo mashoko

Shoko rokuti "makemikari remubatanidzwa" akazviratidza muna tanga kukura kwemakemikari nesayenzi. kirasi Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu izvo varipo vari Zvinoumba kabhoni (dzakakudzingai carbonic asidhi cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). Panguva apo hunodzorwa vitalistic maonero, akaramba tsika Aristotle uye Pliny Mukuru pamusoro weboka yose iri zvisina upenyu uye mhenyu zvinhu vakaparadzana kuvimba kuti umambo vaiva: mhuka uye miriwo kana zvicherwa. Uyezve, zvaionekwa kuti nokuda kwetunhu wokutanga zvaida chaiwo "upenyu simba." Panyaya iyi, wakagadzirirwa kubva inorganic makemikari fuma zvakanga zvisingabviri. Zvisinei, kubvuma izvi akapikisa muna 1828 ne Wohler. Iye synthesized inorganic Ammonium cyanate makemikari urea. Akati Zvisinei, kuparadzana, Akachengetedzwa mazwi parizvino nguva. By Inzirai vakatsunga nevanhu Organic kana chicherwa remubatanidzwa? About ichi akazotevera munyaya.

tsananguro

Kirasi kupfuura chaizvo Organic yeimwe vanoonekwa nhasi. Izvo pane pari kupfuura mamiriyoni gumi. zhinji kwakadaro kunokonzerwa yokuumba chaivo pamusoro kabhoni atomu cheni. Izviwo, imhaka kutsiga kukurukurirana. Carbon-kabhoni cheni kungava kuroora kana kakawanda - katatu, kaviri. By kuwedzera multiplicity kuwedzera uye simba (pakusimba) kubatana, uye kureba, ndiEzekieri, ipfupi. Nokuda mukuru valency pamusoro kabhoni uye mukana kunosiyana divi mamiriro kuumbwa chimiro ngetani yakadaro (-dimensional matatu, flat, Linear). Mineral mhando akataura yeimwe zvinowanikwa zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinhu vachinyanya sezvamunoita uye mamiriro, chitarisiko. The vakawanda maumbirwo zvakafanana mhando sezvo inorganic zvinhu. The sezvamunoita dzinosiyana mukati zvimwe. A chepfungwa yeimwe chinhu dzinongoitika chicherwa uye yakarurama urongwa maatomu. Kunyatsogona taxonomy izvi zvinhu wakaradzikwa muna 1814 ne Berzelius.

Zvinoumba somumwe huru yaitaridza mutsauko zviri zvinhu

Kuva chero mhando chinorondedzerwa zvinoumba ari Pfungwa. Fuma - chinhu Organic kana chicherwa remubatanidzwa ane yakananga marongerwo uye sezvamunoita. The chikuru mapoka yeimwe ose zvoutachiona kupi zvinosanganisira mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids. Included mukirasi iyi nucleic acids advantageously ane kunze kabhoni, senitrogen, rehydrogen, phosphorus, sarufa, okisijeni. zvinhu ava chikamu 'dzenhoroondo' Organic yeimwe sezvo zvinokosha kuva mutemo. Saka fuma ringave riine zvakasiyana zvinoriumba. Saka, chikuru inoti, maererano zvakatemwa ane fuma dzinomiririrwa - ane Organic kana chicherwa remubatanidzwa - aripo ari kabhoni nziyo uye zvinokosha pamusoro apa.

Pfungwa chicherwa yeimwe zvinogona kudzidzwa nokufunga dzakasiyana-siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu - garnets. Vane chitarisiko zvakasiyana. Ivo vanovimba murwiyo, pasinei kuchinja izvo nemamiriro inoramba zvakafanana. Unogona chete kutaura pamusoro kusiyana nenzvimbo zvimwe maatomu uye nhamba-spacings.

Kupatsanura pakati Organic yeimwe

Kusvika panguva IUPAC Nomenclature inoshandiswa. Kupatsanura pakati Organic yeimwe maererano ino inovakwa pamusoro chinokosha. Maererano zvechadenga fuma rokutanga rakada takatsunga ne huru mbiri zvinodiwa. First - a kabhoni marangwanda (maumbirwo Organic yeimwe), uye wechipiri - ayo mapoka dzichipfekeka. Zvinoenderana hunhu sechivako yacho kwoita cyclic uye acyclic. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, zvinosanganisira unsaturated uye vakaomerwa. Boka cyclic yeimwe vari carbocyclic uye heterocyclic. Vamwe Organic yeimwe pamusoro fomura:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

STRUCTURAL ongororo

Nhasi, makemikari makemikari dzinoratidzwa nokushandisa nzira yakasiyana. Zvinonzi vaiona yakarurama zvikuru X-ray kuongorora (crystallography). Zvisinei, nzira iyi kunoda yepamusoro sekristaro saizi inodiwa pakubudiririsa yakakwirira resolution. Panyaya iyi, crystallography rinoshandiswa zvishoma kakawanda. Zvokuvamba ongororo iri kuparadza nzira iyo inoshandiswa nokuda quantitative kutsunga zviri yenhengo vari Morekuru. Kuti aratidze kusavapo kana kuvapo zvikuru dzichipfekeka mapoka anechekuita michini Spectroscopy. Misa spectrometry ari vakatsunga samolecular kurema zvinhu uye nzira kusabatana.

Makemikari ehupfumi kuti makemikari yeimwe. carboxylic acids

upenyu hwevanhu hunonyatsobatana izvi zvinhu. Vazhinji anozivikanwa mazita akadai acetic, formic, cucumber acid. yeimwe aya akashandiswa zvaAtemisi medicaments (acetylsalicylic acid), yaigadzira zvokudya uyewo Sipo uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa detergents. Vamwe yeimwe zvinoberekwa nezvipembenene (masvosve, somuenzaniso) uye vashumire kudzivirira nzira. Huchiwedzera panguva cellular pamwero nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa chokuita pyruvic asidhi uye oxidized apo zvinhu zvakawanda rakapinza muruoko muviri womunhu, akaumba acetic asidhi kana lactic acid. Uchifunga nemamiriro carboxyl boka vanofanira kucherechedza kuvapo mairi kaviri ari C = O chisungo. Panyaya iyi, inofanira akataura unsaturated dzichipfekeka mapoka. Uyezve, zvinhu zviri nemamiriro O-H ukama - the Mobile rehydrogen atomu. Common ehupfumi pamusoro yeimwe izvi kuchengetwa stearic, acetic, acrylic asidhi uye formic asidhi rinobatanidza kwete chete zvinokosha maitiro acids, asiwo aldehydes. Zvichienderana kukuru kuti rimwe carboxyl boka, kusiyanisa anonhuhwirira unsaturated, zvine uye zvimwe zvinhu. Maererano nokuwanda mapoka ari morekuru yoga dibasic, monobasic uye nevamwe. Pamunenge muchikurukura zvinoitwa nevamwe zvinhu vanogona kuona zvimwe zvakafanana inorganic uye Organic acids. Somuenzaniso, zvose zvinhu vanokwanisa kuita pamwe simbi, nezvigadziko.

zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon

Izvi Organic yeimwe zviri aripo murwiyo rehydrogen, carbon, uye benzene musimboti. Anokosha uye "chekare" vamiririri veboka iri benzene (I) uye homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Kune vakawanda zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon benzene zvindori. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvinosanganisira diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, akatarira yemaitiro iyo, mumwe kunzwisisa nyore sei fuma iyi - Organic kana chicherwa akakura. The chikuru tsime aromatics zvibereko coking marasha dzinoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, imwe tani kuti marasha tara vakawana mune avhareji makirogiramu rimwe nehafu toluene, 3.5 makirogiramu pamusoro benzene, naphthalene makirogiramu maviri.

Unhu Zvikuru zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon

Maererano zvavo makemikari ehupfumi zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon rakasiyana alicyclic unsaturated Esteri yeimwe. Panyaya iyi zvikaonekwa kubudikidza yoga boka kwavari. Nokupesvedzera nitric acid, sulfuric acid, halides nezvimwe reactant inonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, pane yaitsiva rehydrogen maatomu. Zvinoguma sulfonic acid, uye nezvimwe galogenobenzoly. All izvi zvinhu zviri intermediates akashandiswa pagadzirwe madhayi, mishonga.

alkanes

boka iri kunzwisisa zvinhu, izvo zvinosanganisira muduku zvinoshingaira yeimwe. Vose vaivapo muna C-H uye C-C vari kuroorwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira nekusagona pamusoro alkanes kubatanidzwa Kunze zvavaifunga. Chlorination kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kubvira propane, 1st kuiisa chlorine atomu unogona kutsiva rehydrogen maatomu zvakasiyana. Mirayiridzo iyi achavaponesa simba C-H chisungo. The kusimba cheni, kuti nokukurumidza yaitsiva zvikuru atomu. Panyaya iyi, yemanyorero chikuru vane simba yakakwirira, chesekondari, tertiary, etc. yakatsiga

Kuitawo Maitiro

The akasiyana reactivity kungaita kuti ari inobvira zvigadzirwa chinowanzoitika kudzorwa nomumwe chete. Pamusangano tembiricha 25 madhigirii chlorination kuti redunhu yechipiri kunoitika mana uye dzichimhanya rimwe nguva hafu pane zvikuru. The fluorination pamusoro alkanes vaine Rwako, kazhinji putika nokukurumidza. Izvi unobereka siyana poliftorproizvodnye pokutangira zvinhu. Kuti simba riri asunungurwa panguva kuita kunyange yakakwirira kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko wakatsamwisa manyowa mukati radicals chigadzirwa mamorekuru. Somugumisiro, maitiro mwero aval kunowedzera, iyo inotungamira kuputika kunyange zvakanaka yakaderera tembiricha. A chepfungwa fluorination pakati alkanes Zvinogoneka nerokuparadzwa fluorine maatomu ari kabhoni marangwanda uye inotungamirwa CF4 - kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa.