The cellular sechivako zvose zvipenyu vane? Biology: cellular nemamiriro muviri

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, ari cellular mamiriro vane dzinenge zvose zvinenge zviri redu. Zvikurukuru, masero zvose zvakafanana yakarongeka. Izvi iduku STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema chipenyu muviri. Masero vangava zvakasiyana mashandiro, uye saka kusiyana maumbirwo yavo. Kakawanda, vanogona kuita akazvimirira zvinenge. Cellular mamiriro tiri miti, mhuka, notumwe tupukanana mabhakitiriya. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe kusiyana pakati zvavo STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka dzakabatana. Munyaya ino tikatarisa cellular marongerwo. Grade 8 zvinosanganisira kudzidza wenyaya. Saka, nyaya uchava kunakidza vadzidzi, uyewo vaya inongova kufarira zvipenyu. Kudzokorora uku zvichakurukurwa kurondedzerwa cellular mamiriro, masero dzakasiyana-siyana zvinenge, kufanana uye kusiyana pakati pavo.

Nhoroondo sero dzidziso chacho

Vanhu havasi kuziva chii inoitwa zvipenyu. Chokwadi chokuti nyama vose vakaumba masero chiya chazivikanwa nekaupenyu achangobva. The sainzi kuti kudzidza nayo, - Biology. The cellular maumbirwo muviri yakatanga kurondedzerwa nemasayendisiti Matthias Schleiden uye Theodor Schwann. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1838. Zvino dzidziso cellular maumbirwo anoumbwa zvakadaro zvokudya:

• mhuka uye zvirimwa kwemarudzi ose masero vari akaumba;

• vanokura nokuumba masero matsva;

• Sero - zviduku chairema upenyu;

• muviri - dzakaunganidzwa masero.

The ano dzidziso zvinosanganisira zvimwe zvokudya akawanda, uye zvishoma:

• Sero anogona kuitika chete kubva masero rwaamai;

• zvipuka zvine masero akawanda hahuzi kungoti yakatarwa masero uye kubva yakaungana akaiti rinenge nhengo nenyere nehurongwa;

• masero zvipenyu zvose zvine rakafanana mamiriro;

• Sero - hwakaoma kunzwisisa rinosanganisira zviduku dzichipfekeka dzakabatana;

• Sero - duku STRUCTURAL chikwata kuti anogona kuita yakazvimirira muviri.

sero mamiriro

Sezvo cellular mamiriro vari zvinenge zvose zvipenyu, zvakakodzera kufunga mukuru zvechadenga sechivako kuti maatomu akafanana. Chekutanga, zvose masero vari rakakamurwa prokaryotic uye eukaryotic. Kare pane chinoumba chinodzivirira mashoko majini anochengeterwa DNA. In masero prokaryotic, hazvisi chete, uye DNA floats zvakasununguka. All masero eukaryotic zvakavakwa sezvinotevera. Vane goko - plasma Kamudzira, makhiriniki akapoteredza okuwedzera dzidzo unodzivirira. Zvose zviri mairi, kunze tsanga - zviri cytoplasm. Inoitwa hyaloplasm, organelles uye inclusions. Hyaloplasm - Nde crystalline fuma, inova yomukati muchitokisi zvakatipoteredza uye anozadza zvose zvayo nzvimbo. Organelles - zvachose hurongwa kuti vanoita zvimwe kushanda, kureva kupa anokosha nemasero ... Inclusions - dzidzo asiri wechigarire, kukonzera, asi vanoita kudaro kwenguva duku.

The cellular maumbirwo zvipenyu

Zvino isu nyorai organelles zviri zvakafanana kuti masero nowezvipenyu panyika, kunze utachiona. It mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. Nokuti utachiona yo chete mumwe organelles izvi - ribosomes. Uye ikozvino tarira marongerwo uye kushanda neimwe organelle yoga.

mitochondria

Zvavanokupai intracellular kufema. Mitochondria ave rudzi "simba", kunobereka simba riri inodikanwa muchitokisi basa, kuti zvakaitika nayo avo kana zvimwe nemakemikari. Vane dvumembrannym organelles, kureva vane vatadze maviri - vavatorwa uye mudzimba. Below wavo chizvaro - zvakafanana hyaloplasm muchitokisi. Pakati wokunze uye yomukati membranes akaumba cristae. ukagunzva ichi mukati vari makemikari. Izvi zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti kukwanisa kuita nemakemikari nayo simba asunungurwa muchitokisi zvakakodzera.

ribosomes

Ivo ndivo mapuroteni muviri - kureva kuti kwetunhu yeimwe vekirasi ichi. Ribosomes ine zvikamu zviviri - subunits, zvikuru uye zviduku. The Kamudzira ari organelle ichi chisipo. Subunit pakati ribosomes zvabatanidzwa chete pakarepo asati mapuroteni usage muitiro, vakabviswa munyika vamwe nguva. The zvinhu pano dzinoitwa pachishandiswa mashoko akanyorwa pamusoro DNA. ruzivo Izvi uchakumikidzwa kune ribosomes uchishandisa tRNA sezvo chokufambisa pano DNA nguva dzose kungava dzisingashandi chaizvo uye ngozi - yakanga yakawandisa ingangotora kukuvara.

Golgi mufananidzo

organelle ichi rinoumbwa muzvikochikari sandara matangi. Basa organelle iri chokwadi chokuti anounganidza uye modifies chepfu zvakasiyana siyana uye paChikoro paumbwe lysosomes.

endoplasmic reticulum

Rakakamurwa kumeso uye mafungu. First zvakavakwa sandara sepombi. Ndiye anokonzera pagadzirwe muchitokisi pamusoro steroids uye lipids. Roughness ari atumidzwa nokuti masvingo membranes, icho rinoumbwa, pane zvakawanda ribosomes. It anoita senga ishande. Kureva kutamiswa kwezvinhu ribosome mapuroteni synthesized ikoko, kuti Golgi midziyo.

lysosomes

Dzinomirira odnomembrannye organelles dzine makemikari zvakafanira kuti Implementation nemakemikari kuti munguva intracellular muviri. Nhamba huru lysosomes kuchengetwa leucocytes - masero kuti aite masoja ushande. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti vachiita phagocytosis uye kumanikidzwa kugaya vavatorwa mapuroteni, izvo vanoda yakawanda makemikari.

cytoskeleton

Ndicho yokupedzisira organelle, inova zvakajairika notumwe, zvinomera uye mhuka. Imwe yacho huru anoitwa kuramba masero chimiro. It achiumbwa pamusoro microtubules uye microfilaments. Chokutanga negomba chubhu yacho tubulin mapuroteni. Kuvapo kwavo cytoplasm dzimwe organelles anogona kufamba kupota keji. Uyezve microtubules kunogonawo kuva cilia uye flagella pamusoro unicellular. Rokuti wechipiri cytoskeleton - microfilaments - chinosanganisira contractile mapuroteni actin uye myosin. In utachiona, organelle iri kazhinji vasipo. Asi vamwe vavo vanoonekwa ne pamberi cytoskeleton, asi zvikuru chinyakare, vakaronga kwete kuoma sezvakunoitwa notumwe, zvinomera uye mhuka.

Plant sero organelles

The cellular maumbirwo miti ine zvimwe dzose. Kunze pamusoro organelles uye vacuoles vari kuuyawo plastids. The okutanga aiendeswa kuwanda imomo kuti zvinhu kusanganisira basa, sezvo ivo kusada muchitokisi nokuda pamberi gobvu Kamudzira rusvingo kumativi kazhinji hazviiti. The Urume riri mukati vacuole, akadana sero muto. Mukomana chirimwa masero pakutanga vashoma vacuoles duku, izvo, se ayo kuchembera batanidza kupinda imwe guru rimwe. Plastids akakamurwa mhando nhatu: chromoplasts, leucoplasts uye chromoplasts. Okutanga dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo tsvuku, yellow kana orenji ruvara. Chromoplasts kakawanda vanofanira akwezve yakajeka ruvara Tupukanana mukume kana mhuka zvinobatanidzwa mukupararira zvibereko nembeu. Zviri nemhaka Data organelles maruva nemichero ane zvakasiyana-siyana mavara. Chromoplasts zvinogona aumba kubva chloroplasts, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa mumatsutso, apo mashizha kutendeukira yeyero uye tsvuku noruvara, uyewo panguva ichiibvira zvibereko kana zvishoma nezvishoma haazombotaurwi zvachose manyoro. Next maonero plastids - leucoplasts - aida kuchengeta zvinhu zvakadai starch, kwemafuta uye zvimwe nemapurotini. Chloroplasts vakatakura photosynthesis neurongwa zvinomera kuwana pachavo anodiwa Organic zvinhu. Pakati mamorekuru ose carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura sezvo muchitokisi dzakawanda nhanhatu agamuchire chimwe morekuru shuga uye matanhatu okisijeni, iyo anosunungurwa mumhepo. Chloroplasts muri organelles dvumembrannymi. In chizvaro yavo ine thylakoids, dzikarongwa muna Grand Prix. In zvivako izvi, uye rine chlorophyll, pano anoenda maitiro photosynthesis. Uyezve, muna chizvaro ndiwo ribosomes dzavo chloroplast, RNA, DNA, inokosha makemikari, kuti starch tsanga uye lipid mumate. Matrix date organelles vaakadanawo stroma.

Features howa

Cellular mamiriro ndiwo zvinenge izvi. Munguva dzekare, vakanga kukabatanidzwa imwe umambo chete miti nokungotevera chitarisiko chavo, asi pamwe veMubatanidzwa yakawanda yemhando nesayenzi akawana kuti izvi hazvigoni kuitwa. Chekutanga, howa, kusiyana zvirimwa, havasi autotrophs, havagoni pachavo kubereka makemikari nyaya, uye chete kudya vakagadzirira akagadzirwa. Chechipiri, kuti fungal masero mamwe akafanana mhuka, kunyange ane zvimwe zvaidiwa chirimwa. masero Fungal, uyewo miti, takapoteredzwa rusvingo gobvu, zvisinei haina kuva cellulose, uye chitin. Izvi zvinhu zvakaoma kugaya muviri mhuka, saka howa uye vanoonekwa rinorema chikafu. Kuwedzera organelles pamusoro apa, zviri zvakajairika eukaryotes zvose, panewo vacuole - ichi ndechimwe zvakafanana. notumwe vane zvirimwa. Asi nemamiriro plastids mu fungal muchitokisi iri kuchengetwa. Pakati parusvingo uye cytoplasmic Kamudzira ndiye lomasoma, vane mabasa zvichigere aizvinzwisisa. Mamwe sechivako fungal sero afanane mhuka. Uyezve organelles ari cytoplasm sezvo usanganidzo ichiyangarara akadai mafuta mumate, glycogen.

masero mhuka

Ivo dzinoratidzwa ose organelles vakanga zvambotaurwa munyaya ino. Uyezve, pamusoro plasma Kamudzira ndiyo glycocalyx - munhu goko rine lipids, polysaccharides uye glycoproteins. It rinobatanidzwa chokufambisa kuti zvinhu pakati masero.

moyo

Chokwadi, kuwedzera zvavo organelles, mhuka, chirimwa, masero fungal vane neerekitironi. It runochengetedzwa anoshongwa maviri, vane pores. Chizvaro ine karyoplasm (muto yenyukireya), sezvamakaropafadzwa ichiyangarara chromosome wakati yakanyorwa mashoko avo enhaka. Uyewo pane nucleolus, izvo basa paumbwe ribosomes uye RNA usage.

prokaryotes

Izvi zvinosanganisira utachiona. The cellular maumbirwo utachiona zvikuru chinyakare. Havana neerekitironi. The cytoplasm rine organelles zvakadai ribosomes. Around plasma Kamudzira ndiyo sero parusvingo murein. prokaryotes Most Inoshandiswawo organelles kufamba - vainyanya flagella. mucous Kamudzira - mamwe containment anogona akaiswa kumativi sero rusvingo uyewo. Kunze inokosha DNA molecules ari cytoplasm utachiona vari plasmids umo mashoko chakanyorwa, ndiye chichiwedzera kuramba nematambudziko ezvinhu.

Ko zvinenge zvose Makavakwa kubva mumasero?

Vamwe vanofunga kuti mashoko cellular maumbirwo zvose zvipenyu vane. Asi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Pane umambo zvipenyu zvakadai wanda. Havatombozivi hahuzi emasero. Nhengo iyi ine capsid - mapuroteni deko. Inside iri DNA kana RNA, iyo yakanyorwa shoma magene mashoko. Around puroteni goko izvozvo zvinogona riri lipoprotein inonzi superkapsidom. Nemavhairasi anogona muwande chete mukati masero vatorwa. Uyezve, havana vanokwanisa crystallization. Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti kupomerwa kuti cellular maumbirwo zvose zvipenyu zviri kururama.

kuenzanisa tafura

Kamwe tava akaongororwa sechivako zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti muchidimbu. Nokudaro, cellular mamiriro, tafura:

Pano, zvichida, uye zvose. Tava amutsvaka cellular maumbirwo zvipenyu zviri panyika.