Ribosome - chii ichi? The nemamiriro ribosome

Sero rimwe nerimwe upi muviri ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo panhamba imwe muzvizhinji yenhengo.

Muchidimbu, masero ari mamiriro

It rine Kamudzira, cytoplasm, organelles, izvo dziri, uyewo mwoyo (kunze prokaryotes) umo mune DNA mamorekuru. Uyezve, pane chimwezve unodzivirira chivako pamusoro membrane. In masero mhuka ndiyo glycocalyx, mune vose - sero rusvingo. In miti, izvozvo rinoumbwa cellulose, mu notumwe - kubva chitin, mabhakitiriya - kubva murein. The Kamudzira ine matatu akaturikidzana: maviri phospholipid uye mapuroteni therebetween. Zvinonzi pores kunove kutapurirana zvinhu vakatakurwa uye kunze. Pedyo nerimwe pore dzinokosha chokufambisa mapuroteni kuti wakapfuurira sero chete zvimwe zvinhu. Organelles masero mhuka ndedzinotevera:

• mitochondria, izvo ave yepakutanga "simba" (umo muitiro foni afemeruke uye kwetunhu simba);
• lysosomes dzine anokosha makemikari kuti muviri;
• Golgi midziyo kuchengeta uye kunatsiridza zvimwe zvinhu;
• endoplasmic reticulum, riri zvakafanira kuti chokufambisa kuti makemikari;
• centrosome rinoumbwa centrioles maviri, izvo zvinobatanidzwa munyaya fission kwacho;
• nucleolus, iyo anoita muviri uye vachivapa zvimwe organelles;

• ribosomes, izvo isu vakurukure kwazvo munyaya ino;
• chirimwa masero auri organelles: pamusoro vacuole, chiri zvakafanira kuti kuunganidza pasingadiwi zvinhu maererano nekusagona goho navo kunze nokuda simba muchitokisi rusvingo; plastids, izvo rakakamurwa leucoplasts (anokonzera kuchengetera inotonhorera makemikari); chromoplasts rine ruvara pigments; chloroplasts, riri uko chlorophyll uye photosynthesis.

Ribosome - chii ichi?

Sezvo tiri kutaura nezvazvo munyaya ino, zvine musoro kubvunza mubvunzo uyu. Ribosome - organelle ichi, izvo zvinogona riri Kurutivi rwokunze madziro Golgi zvakaoma. Zvakakodzera kujekesa mberi kuti ribosome - nayo organelles huri mumasero huru kwazvo yakawanda. Mumwe anogona kuva kusvika gumi nezviviri.

Where date vari organelles?

Saka, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, kuti ribosome - chivakwa riri madziro Golgi zvakaoma. Uyewo unogona kufamba takasununguka muna cytoplasm. The pfungwa yechitatu, iyo inogona akaiswa ribosome - muchitokisi membrane. Uye organelles avo kuti zvinowanika munzvimbo ino, kushanda regai kusiya izvozvo, uye vari mira.

Ribosome - mamiriro

Sezvo zvakanaka, ichi sokunge chinhu organelle? Anotarisa sezvinoita pafoni nomuchubhu. Ribosome eukaryotes uye prokaryotes ine zvikamu zviviri, mumwe riri kupfuura vamwe - zvishoma. Asi vaviri yenhengo dzayo hadzina zvabatanidzwa, kana zviri pa zororo. Izvi chete zvinoitika kana ribosome masero pakarepo kutanga kuita mabasa avo. Mabasa ichakurukurwa pashure. Ribosome, sechivako inorondedzerwa munyaya, uyewo chinayo mutumwa RNA uye chinja RNA. Izvi zvinhu vanosungirwa kunyorera pamusoro pavo zvakafanira ruzivo pamusoro muchitokisi mapurotini. Ribosome mamiriro yatiri kukurukura, haana membrane. subunit Its (anonzi vake vaviri hafu) haina kudzivirirwa.

Ko organelle ichi muchitokisi?

Chii anokonzera zvinotaurwa ribosome - mapuroteni usage. Richiwanika pahwaro mashoko iyo wakanyorwa pamusoro anonzi mutumwa RNA (ribonucleic acid). Ribosome mamiriro apo takaona kumusoro, inobatanawo subunits maviri chete panguva mapuroteni usage - muitiro inonzi shanduro. Panguva nzira iyi, iyo synthesized polypeptide cheni yaiva pakati subunits maviri ribosome.

Where Vari aumba?

Ribosome - organelle, izvo zvakasikwa nokuda nucleolus. nzira iyi kunoitika mumatanho gumi, panguva iyo mapuroteni zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba zviduku subunits.

Sei nokuumbwa mapuroteni?

The biosynthesis kwemapurotini kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Wokutanga wavo - ndiwo amino asidhi activation. Vanosvika makumi maviri ikoko, pedyo kuabatanidza munzira dzakasiyana, unogona kuwana mabhiriyoni mapurotini siyana. Munguva yose danho iri amino acids vakaumba aminoalits-tRNA. nzira iyi hazvibviri pasina kutora chikamu ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Uyewo kuti izvi zvinoda kuti magnesium cations. Danho rechipiri - ndiyo mharuro ari polypeptide cheni, kana muitiro kubatanidza subunits mbiri ribosome uye kukurukura kuti izvozvo zvinokosha amino acids. In izvi zvakare chinhano magnesium ions uye GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Wechitatu Danho unonzi elongation. Izvi kwetunhu zvakananga pamusoro polypeptide cheni. Kuenda nzira rokushandura. Kugumiswa - rakatevera Danho - chirongwa disintegration kubva ribosomes pamunhu subunits uye phasing kubva kwetunhu imwe polypeptide chain. Next anouya rokupedzisira nhano - wechishanu - iri processing. Panguva iyi aumba zvivako zvakaoma kuti vakagadzirira kushandisa kare uye zviri nyore mapuroteni kuti amino asidhi cheni. Izvi zvinosanganisira chaizvo makemikari, uye cofactors.

mapuroteni mamiriro

Sezvo ribosome marongerwo uye kushanda kuti isu munyaya ino, ndiye anokonzera kwetunhu mapuroteni, zvino ngatitarisei mashoko mamiriro avo. Chinhu chikuru, chesekondari, tertiary uye quaternary. The chikuru nemamiriro puroteni - kutevedzana rinorondedzerwa umo amino acids vanosarudzirwa wezvamatongerwe kupiwa makemikari akakura. The mamiriro yechipiri mumwe puroteni chinhu cheni polypeptide aumba kubva Arifa-helices uye Beta-machira. The tertiary nemamiriro puroteni rinopa mumwe mubatanidzwa Arifa-helices uye Beta-machira. The quaternary Murongerwo zvakafanana paumbwe imwe chete macromolecular inotungamirwa. Ndizvo mubatanidzwa yeAlpha-helices uye Beta-ezvirevo chimiro globules kana fibrils. Maererano nenheyo iyi, marudzi maviri mapuroteni vangazivikanwa - fibrous uye globular. Pakati dzekare dzakadai actin uye myosin, kuti tsandanyama zvakatuswa aumba. Mienzaniso wechipiri unogona kushumira Chizenga, immunoglobulin uye nevamwe. Fibrillar mapuroteni akafanana filament faibha. Globular zvikuru somunhu tangle kuti kurukana pakati ane Arufa-helices uye Beta-machira.

Chii denaturation?

Munhu wose anofanira kunge akanzwa shoko. Denaturation - ndiwo muitiro nerokuparadzwa puroteni mamiriro - wokutanga quaternary, tertiary ipapo, uye pashure - uye yechipiri. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, pane uye kubviswa zvikuru nemamiriro puroteni. Izvi zvinogona kuitika nokuda kuona ichi yakakwirira tembiricha yacho makemikari nyaya. Saka denaturation ari puroteni inogona kuchengetwa kana kufashaira mazai. Kazhinji, izvi ndizvo kusingarapiki. Saka, pane imwe tembiricha pamusoro mana navaviri madhigirii rinotanga denaturation kuti Chizenga kwazvo hyperthermia upenyu pangozi. Denaturation kwemapurotini kusaruraude nucleic acids inogona kuchengetwa ari zvomudumbu muitiro, kana uchishandisa enzayemu unodokwairira muviri yakaoma Organic yeimwe kuti nyore.

mhedziso

Basa ribosome rakaoma zvikuru kuona. Ndivo hwaro nezvokuvapo masero. Nokuda organelles izvi, unogona asike mapuroteni kuti inoda kuti dzakasiyana-siyana mabasa. Organic yeimwe nokuumba ribosomes anogona kutamba rwokudzivirira basa chokufambisa, basa anowedzera, kuvaka zvinhu nokuti masero, enzymatic, pamutemo (mahormone akawanda vari mapuroteni mamiriro). Naizvozvo, tinogona kugumisa kuti ribosome kuita chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha mashandiro muchitokisi. Sei vari kudaro - sero nguva dzose vanoda zvigadzirwa synthesized kubudikidza organelles izvi.