Numismatics sainzi - chii? Numismatics muRussia

Pakusarudza numismatics sezvo inonakidza chitandadzo kazhinji ikabuda basa upenyu. Izvi inonakidza uye zvinofadza kuita, izvo zvinoita kuti kuunganidza mabasa ounyanzvi uye kudzidza nhoroondo nomumwe kwebhokisi.

Sayenzi pamusoro kukura mari

Numismatics kudzidza mari sezvo zvinhu, izvo panguva dzakasiyana-siyana aiva akasiyana chimiro uye kukosha. Kukosha Mari sechapupu nhoroondo kunzwisiswa munguva dzekare, asi hurongwa kukura pakudzidza mari chete akatanga mukupera nemasere remakore. YeAustria mupristi Joseph Hilariusom Eckel rakanyorwa basa Doctrina Numorum Veterum (dzidziso vekare) mu mavhoriyamu masere (Vienna, 1793-1799), izvo oedza kugadzirisa zvose mari ekare echiGiriki uye Roman coinage yakaitwa. Kwapera nguva kushanda Eckel kupatsanurwa nedzimwe nevaongorori.

Izvi zvakasimbisa zvesayenzi chinonakidza kuti numismatics. Chii kudzidza kukuru numismatic kuunganidzwa, anozivikanwa mu Europe. systematization zivo, paiva kwemabhuku kwakatangwa. Kubva Austria kune dzimwe nyika pavakayambukira numismatics somunhu nesayenzi iri rakakurumbira mumayunivhesiti pasi pokudzora ruzivo dzekare uye vematongo. Mukupera 1850s yakabuda antiikki nzanga ne specialization "kudzidza mari."

Kuva numismatist

Knowledge Nde chokushandisa rokuchera mari. Pamwe chete navo anouya chido zvakadzama kudzidza mari munyika. Munhu anogona kuva numismatist uye kuita zvinonakidza uye mubayiro chitandadzo. Numismatics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza sei mari yave rakavapo mumakore. Kudzidzira chinofadza ichi chinhu kuita inongova kutanga kudzidza nzira kutora mari. Kune masangano akasiyana-siyana uye neshamwari kuti paunogona kujoina. Asi hazvisi zvakakodzera kuti kuonekwa pacharwo numismatist. Kamwe waita chisarudzo kudzidza uye kuunganidza mari, unofanira kutanga kunzwisisa kuti muunganidzwa wako haazombofi wakakwana.

dzinonakidza chitandadzo

Tanga chitandadzo yako itsva, kuverenga pamusoro dzakasiyana siyana mari, dzidza nhoroondo dzavo.

• Dzidza pamusoro dzakasiyana zvinhu izvo mari dzakaitwa.
• Dzidza zvinokonzera uye zvinhu zvinokosha zvavo. With kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro penhoroondo, unogona kuona kuti kukosha yekare Mari hazvisi novimba ayo kare nguva dzose.
• Ona musi zvaAtemisi mari nerimwe, uye mamwe mashoko pamusoro wayo husiri nyore kuwana.
• Kana zuva rava zvaipfekwa kure, ufanane husiri nyore kuwana kuti mari pakutsvaga wakavezwa.
• Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti okuchenesa mari anogona kuderedza mutengo wayo.
• Tsvaka kuti "remake" iri numismatics? Zvakananga numismatists dzinoitwa kukwira Mari vane apedzerana siyana kuti vari yo epochs siyana. zvinogadzirwa zvakadai mudane remakes. Dzimwe nguva izwi iri rinoshandiswa nyepera.
• Akaramba kudzidza nhoroondo uye zvinorehwa mari.

Chii chinonzi Coin

Chekutanga unofanira kuva kunzwisisa zvinorehwa rokuti "mari". chidimbu ichi nesimbi kana nezvimwe zvinhu vaipupurirwa chiratidzo, izvo anosarudza sangano. Data zvose izvi takatsunga ne magwaro, ayo nekanzuru nevarikutonga simba kuti ape mari. The kupfuura pachena chokufunga mari muviri mashoko iyo yakanga yabudisa - koda nguva dzose, kusvika varipo, simbi. Kare kunyange kushandiswa huni, mapfupa. Vakasarudzwa kuti coinage nesimbi vanofanira kuva yakakwana kwazvo kugovera feedstock mints. Pakusarudza zvinhu zvakasiyana norudzi. In China, wokutanga kusarudza simbi yakawira mhangura kuIndia - Silver, munyika dzakawanda vakashandisa goridhe nesirivha chiwanikwa (nesirivha) kana sirivha. Kazhinji, iri rondedzero mari inoshandiswa mashoko Chirungu, asi mureza Directories kunenge kwose kushandiswa abbreviations, izvo zvinobva Latin. Somuenzaniso, ari AV (Aurum) - zviri zvendarama, AR (Argentum) - sirivha, kwavatumwa (AES) - mhangura yaro alloys. Mari kugadzirwa nevanhu pruff zvigadzirwa, zviri anonakidza kunyanya mari. Chinoratidza mu numismatics? On a zvachose mvere yakabwinyiswa kupenyerera mari bhokisi anoitwa ane achisiyanisa ruvara Mat ngano. Zvinyorwa zviri akaronga kurudyi dzinoita kuti musango, uye kazhinji kungoda makorari zvinhu. Munguva Kugadzirwa mari zvinoberekwa shamhu mbiri kana kupfuura. Vateresi vanokoshesa Exhibits zvakadaro kuchengetedza chivheneke uye dullness.

akaita sei mari yekare

Mumwe mari yekare yakaitwa namaoko. The simbi, ingava nendarira, sirivha kana ndarama yakadururirwa anoumba kubudisa flan - blanks. Vari dzaserera pazasi utsotso kurehwa nenharo uye akaisa kuva chizvaro. Metal mufananidzo kuti tama mari inonzi mijenya. Mugove wechipiri muchimiro chifananidzo rave chibhakera mhiri ari workpiece. The matrices vakabayiwa noruoko uye anoumbwa ungatakurwa zvikamu. Engravers akanga akasiyana siyana, saka imwe mhando Mari inogona kuva manyorero kusiyana kubva mari nevamwe nyaya akatevedzana. Mazita Mari kazhinji kwakaratidzwa zita mutongi kana kugadzira nzira mari. Panyaya "nekobiri" title, numismatics anodavira kuti zita rinobva mufananidzo pamusoro obverse St. Georgiya Pobedonostsa nepfumo, uye gare gare kwaiva nyore mutasvi, asiwo nepfumo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muduku mari dzakakurumbira vakauti vachikudza pfumo.

How kutsanangura Mari kwemabhuku

Munguva dzekare, vakawanda nzira mukugadzira Mari vatevera yakati uremu Mari kubva imwe chiwanikwa, unonzi aizviti ukoshi. Numismatics anotenda kuti chakadaro rinofananidza kurema nomumwe dzinogona kuziva mari mureza, izvo zvinogona kuva zvinokosha nokuti nhoroondo kana Attribution zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Golf - imwe nzvimbo pamusoro pemvura mari akapoteredza mashoko, iro rinopa colour. Chinowanzoonekwa akakamurwa kuruboshwe uye zvakarurama. Chimwe chikamu ine zita vayo. Zviri izwi rine nemidzi yawo mutauro shoko "zvekare" uye "ergon" uye zvinoreva kuti kungova chemindi Greek. Pane ngano chokuudzwa. Izwi anowana kubva rechiito Latin siyana "Lego", iro rinoreva "verenga". Rinotsanangura zviri mari. The ngano zvingaratidza pachataurwa simba chemindi, chemindi mucherechedzo, rondedzera mashoko uye mifananidzo. Lettering uye zviratidzo vanogona kukomba kana kukonzera kuti mufananidzo uye kuramba ropa. Inoti numismatics, kuti zvakadaro Kuwedzera akadana hunhu uye adjuncts.

Tinofanira kuziva mazwi

Mari Ancient unganidzwa nokuda vateresi kwemazana emakore. Kunopfuura chipo varidzi pfuma izvi. Vazhinji mari kare kumusika vanotengeswa vateresi venhaka vamwe vateresi.

Paunhu kana denderedzwa rechiedza akadana kuwedzera mufananidzo muchimiro chishongo kana korona, tsvimbo kana Palm, draperies, heti, shinda, cornucopia, bhora, pfumo. Sangana rinowanzova pamusoro munda kana iri rakanyorwa. In rondedzero nomufananidzo mazita kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi mushure rondedzero anokosha. Kudikanwa vazive mazwi numismatics kuti zvinokosha kuti zviparadzanise mashoko obverse uye kuzvishandura, kana "misoro" uye "miswe" nechemberi uye kuzvishandura kuti mari zvinobatsira kutsanangura Exhibits. Hapana vaviri vaviri ava asina toreva Nzira kwemari kugadzirwa. Zvakakosha kuziva chii chinoratidzwa nechemberi chizvaro uye ayo neizvi divi. Nhoroondo kwakabva mari uye wavakaramba vaiva pamberi, zvingava munokosha kupfuura muunganidzwa pachayo. Kunyanya kana Exhibits dzinobva rinozivikanwa nomuteresi kana okisheni.

zvinhu zvipi rinoshandiswa akaunganidzwa

Mari yakawanda yekare anowanikwa mundima raitungamirwa matongo sezvivako. Numismatics Russia, vakawanda vavo vakaratidza mune miziyamu kuunganidza. Mari Ancient, izvo kubayira pamusoro musika nhasi, akawanikwa, kunyanya mu hoards boka. Izvi Exhibits akarasika kana kuvigwa kare uye akanga akawanikwa amateurs vane simbi pedyo matongo nzvimbo. Munguva dzekare, kwakanga kusina mabhanga. Achiona ngozi, varidzi upfumi kungotaura ichivaviga muvhu. Dzimwe nyika rambidza kutsvaka mari yekare pakati simbi detector. Vamwe rinoti vane mitemo kuti kubvumira searchers pfuma kuchengeta kana kutengesa zvimwe kana vose zvavari, uye ichi ndicho panobva Antiquities pamusoro musika nhasi.