Redox siyana

Shoko "oxidation" pakutanga raireva yakananga fuma kudyidzana pamwe okisijeni iumbe oxide, sezvo okisijeni ave nhoroondo yazivikanwa sezvo wokutanga oxidant. By oxidizing akanzwisisa okisijeni nokwauri, uye pasi kudzorerwa - idzosei. Saka shoko rokuti "oxidation - kudzorerwa" kare vakavhiyiwa kemisitiri. Redox siyana pashure kuuya waongororwa pezvakaitwa zvakadai somugumisiro iyo pane kutapurirana maerekitironi kubva mumwe atomu mumwe, saka iri izwi awana rinobatanidza zvaanoreva. Somuenzaniso, apo magnesium combustion oxygen: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO Erekitironi kuchinjirwa kunoitika kubva magnesium kuti oxygen.

Redox siyana vanoonekwa vari kuti anosangana reagents anozivikanwa oxidants uye reductants. Zvinhu maatomu izvo vape maerekitironi vaiona yokuderedza nevamiririri. The makemikari ane maatomu kutora maerekitironi inonzi oxidants. The pamusoro kuita chinhu magnesium achidzikisa mumiririri pachayo iri oxidized, i.e. anotumira Erekitironi. Okisijeni ipfupi - anotora ane Erekitironi uye oxidizer. Mumwe muenzaniso: CuO + H2 → Cũ + H2O. Kana neshungu, mhangura oxide ari ions rehydrogen rukova mhangura vanobvuma maerekitironi kubva rehydrogen. Zvaaiva oxidizing mumiririri, vari airarama zvokuvamba mhangura. Rehydrogen maatomu dhoneta maerekitironi, sezvinoita achidzikisa mumiririri pachayo iri oxidized uye rehydrogen.

Nokudaro, oxidation uye rutapudzo pezvakaitwa kutora nzvimbo panguva: oxidized achidzikisa uye oxidizing nevamiririri vari kuderedzwa. Redox kuita dzinonzi nokuti pane inextricable kubatana pakati itirana kwendangariro. Kureva, kana pane maatomu izvo vape maerekitironi, kuti nguva dzose aripo uye vakadaro kuti maerekitironi kutora. Panguva iyoyo kwakaita oxidizer uye kuderedza mutumwa kuchinja ukuru oxidation. Somugumisiro makemikari anogona akaumbwa chero mhando kwemaatomu ari mamorekuru.

The Mhando chikuru redox siyana:

1. Intermolecular - oxidizable uye reducible maatomu zvaisanganisira ari mamorekuru pamusoro makemikari akasiyana, somuenzaniso: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (zingi - reductant rehydrogen nokuo- nga - oxidant).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable uye reducible maatomu zvinosanganisirwa mamorekuru chete kemikari, somuenzaniso: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (mu morekuru zviri potassium chlorate okisijeni - reductant chloro - oxidant).
3. Autoxidation-kuzvidzora kuporesa kana disproportionation - chete namakemikari chinhu ari kuita ndiko achidzikisa mumiririri uye oxidizing mumiriri, somuenzaniso: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( imwe senitrogen atomu rimwe nitrous asidhi rine achidzikisa mumiririri uye oxidizing mumiriri, kuti oxidation chigadzirwa - a nitric acid, kuti rutapudzo chigadzirwa - senitrogen monoxide).
4. Comproportionation reproportsionirovanie kana - mumwe uye ichocho ane zvakasiyana mwero oxidation pamusoro Morekuru, zvichiguma chete oxidation mamiriro Somuenzaniso: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

Redox siyana dzinokurukurwa neimwewo chimiro kana mukombiyuta. Mumwe anogona kufunga muenzaniso kwemakemikari nekuita: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. Pano, muchoto atomu chiri oxidizing mumiririri, nekuti zvinotora rimwe Erekitironi uye kuchinja ukuru oxidation pamusoro +3 kusvika +2: Fe + ³ + E → Fe + ². Ion sarufa kuderedza mumiriri iri oxidized, maerekitironi uye anotuma nayo anoshandura oxidation mamiriro pa -2 kuti 0: Sˉ² - E → S °. Erekitironi kana Ion-Erekitironi pachiyero nzira inoshandiswa inogara stoichiometric coefficients mu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Redox siyana zvakapararira uye zvikuru, sezvo zvinokonzera kuti combustion dzinotsanagura kuora kuora, afemeruke, muviri, kuitwa kuti, carbon dioxide zvinomera, uyewo dzimwe utachiona kwendangariro. Uyewo, ivo rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri siyana hwokubereka nesimbi uye vasiri simbi yavo yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, izvi dzinobva vachigadzira amoniya, sulfuric uye nitric acids, vamwe zvokuvakisa, mishonga nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa zvakawanda zvinokosha. Vanewo kushandiswa Analytical kemisitiri nokuda Pakusarudza siyana makemikari.