Nhoroondo yekare Montenegro

Kumadokero chikamu muBalkan Peninsula okumavirira nemafungu zasi-kumadokero muGungwa reAdriatic wekare mamiriro Montenegro. Munyika kare, pfupiso ino, chinhu zvisingaperi ngetani kurwira nyika uchangamire, izvo yakaguma muna 2006, kuzivikanwa kwayo rusununguko.

Ancient mamiriro Dukla

History of Montenegro, anotangira I remakore BC. e., zvishoma akadzidza. We chete kuziva kuti nharaunda iyi yaigarwa nokuda Illyrians - vamiririri guru kwazvo boka marudzi Indo-European. The I remakore BC. e. nzvimbo yakakundwa neRoma, kuti varambe payo, sokuvapo IV remakore, kuparara pasi yakakuwandira pakati venyika.

Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, hunotanga muitiro pakugadzirisa mune ikozvino Montenegro Slavs. Kunyanya kukuru zvakaita VII remakore, asi pashure makore 300 muBalkans uye munzvimbo yakabatana pemhenderekedzo Adriatic, akaumba yakazvimirira Slav mamiriro, wakabereka zita Dukla. Its uchangamire vagere munyika aifanira nguva otvoovyvat reropa uye haisi nguva hondo vakabudirira pamwe vatorwa.

Under Byzantine utongi

On upenyu madzinza necheSalvic munharaunda Montenegro ano nokuchengetedza mashoko anowanika zvinyorwa Byzantine Emperor Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (905-959). Mariri anotiudza nyaya pemarudzi vaigara munharaunda uye akavamba guta Skadar, Budva, Kotor uye Ulcinj. ChiKristu muna Dukla yekare hwakasimbiswa pakupera ari IX remakore, uye zviri pano uyewo Russia kubva Byzantium.

Muzana XI remakore Dukla uye zvose parutivi Serbian ndima yake vakabatwa Byzantium, iyo yaiva nguva kubudirira kwayo mukuru, uye kutakura yakafarikana dzayaitonga nehurumende. History of Montenegro kubva kare yave izere zviitiko zvinoshamisa, asi makore ava vakauya naye kunyanya yakawanda ropa, nekuti pakati pavanotaurirana nechisimba vakatama kubva yomukati kumatunhu kuSerbia nemahombekombe muGungwa reAdriya, uye ndiyo hondo huru zvichiitika.

Basa Prince Stefan Vojislav vagadze hurumende

Panguva iyoyo, vakawanda unoshamisa munhau uyo wakaita basa guru iri nhoroondo weutungamiriri pakati Duklja (remangwana Montenegro), aiva mutongi wayo Stefan Vojislav. Muna 1035 akatungamirira yakakurumbira kumukira Byzantines, asi vakakundwa, akabatwa uye akatuma kuConstantinople. Zvisinei, pasinei nezvinonetsa, Stephen akakwanisa kutiza pakutapwa, ipapo, uende refu kare Dukla, uye ikoko zvakare kutora simba mumaoko avo.

Pakupedzisira, muna 1042 muhondo pedyo netaundi Bar paiva hondo yairwirwa umo duklyanskaya Army, yakavambwa uye kutungamirirwa Prince Stefan Vojislav, akakunda chose Byzantines. chiitiko ichi hwogumisa Kudzora wokumwe, uye kwaiva kutanga kwezvisikwa yakazvimirira mamiriro Duklyanskogo.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri mamiriro, akatsiviwa kubudikidza aurayiwe

Pakafa Stefana Voislava simba rakanga nhaka nomwanakomana wake Michael, iye akakwanisa kuisa kwavo mamiriro nzvimbo huru kuva Serbia ichi. Ndiye wokutanga vatongi Montenegrin akanga paakavapa musoro mambo, akapa kwaari 1077 naPapa Gregory VII.

Hwakawanda huripo Chronicle zvinyorwa anozivikanwa kuti richangobva kuumbwa kwavabati yakakamurwa vakaparadzana munzvimbo, panotangira nerimwe iyo yakaitwa mukuru, anonzi County. Panguva apo hurumende bhodhi akashandisa Mambo Constantine Bodean (1081-1099), yakasvika ari pamusoro-soro uye raisanganisira anenge nharaunda yose Serbia, kusanganisira Bosnia, Raska uye Zachlumia. Zvisinei, gare gare, nyika mukusanzwisisa isingaperi akatevedzana hondo, chakakonzerwa veko County, uye chakarasikirwa vaimbova simba rayo.

Pokuwa kamwe-simba mamiriro

Kutanga kubva XI remakore, muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye zvishoma nezvishoma anotanga kupinda zita idzva midzi Duklyanskogo mamiriro - Zeta. Maererano nyanzvi dzemitauro, anouya kubva rekare rokuti "mucheki" uye zvinoratidza inokosha kutungamirirwa upfumi webasa vaigaramo.

At dzoro XI uye XII emakore, nhoroondo Montenegro kamwe zvakare kupinda munguva kuderera enyika uye zvoupfumi, huchavapo yose inotevera remakore. Panguva ino, Zeta kamwe simba simba kuna zvokuti vakaputsanya akakwidzwa vakaparadzana zvemisoro (zhupy), akauya pasi kudzorwa Raska, ichi nguva pfupi pamberi chete munzvimbo wokuSerbia, chikamu wakare.

Cities kuti vave munhau

zvino chikuru yaiona uye nzvimbo centre City, pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Adriatic, uye - With zviitiko izvi zvakabatana pamwechete nhoroondo Kotor (Montenegro). Muna 1186, pashure pemazuva mazhinji kukombwa, iye akabatwa nemauto ari Serbian Prince Stefan Nemanja uye asanganiswe Raschke. Nanhasi Chronicle akaudzwa nyaya yake umhare nevanozvitsigira akaurayiwa, asi asingadi haana kuisa pasi zvombo zvavo pamberi pavo mukuru masimba muvengi.

Panguva XIII - XIV remakore, zvakasara guru guta pamhenderekedzo iri Adriatic, kubudirira mune zvoupfumi inovakwa pamusoro penhumbi kunzvimbo iri nechepakati Serbia. Zvino fume pamwero kubva nhoroondo Budva (Montenegro) - mumwe guru ano dzisina pamusoro reAdriatic, yakavambwa muna IX remakore uye rinotaurwa yenhau Constantine Bogryanorodnogo. Pamwe nemamwe maguta maviri - Ulcinj uye Bar - yava aitungamirira muzinda shipbuilding uye kufamba nenguva.

With yayo nemirau - mitemo kuti kuona murayiro upenyu hwavo, maguta aya ainakidzwa kodzero kuzvitonga, uye zvinhu zvose kwakaitwa Assembly - inenge reparamende, chine vamiririri makirasi siyana.

yaingopambwa vakundi

Muna 1371 umambo Serbo-Greek, akavamba kamwe Prince Stefan Nemanja, Zeta murambe kudzora, pakarepo yakaparara, zvichiguma mamiriro zvaiitika yava Montenegro, kwenguva yakati kuti rusununguko. Zvisinei, mukupera 80-ies muguta, riri pamusoro reAdriatic, akavhiyiwa kuti Turkish nechisimba, uye pashure kwehondo kundikana muna June 1389 kuKosovo, vakawanda munyika zvikamu Zetas vaiva pasi pokutonga hweOttoman Empire.

Pakutanga rakatevera remakore, nhoroondo Montenegro ave vakatora inotoshamisa zvikuru. Pakazosvika Turkish vakundi vakawedzera Venetians, akakunda vamwe yayo kumahombekombe nzvimbo zvakasara akasununguka kusvikira zvino. Nokufamba kwenguva, Venice rave rikazvisundira hweOttoman vatongi yakakunda nyika, uye muna 1439 kusvika ose Zeta akanzi protectorate wayo raitungamirwa feudal madzishe mhuri Crnojevic. Panguva iyi nehurumende Yakazopiwa zita rokuti ndokucherera zita rayo iyezvino Montenegro.

Mukutonga hweOttoman Empire

Zvisinei, hweOttoman Empire haana kusiyiwa vavariro yaro nehasha, uye nokukurumidza akaedza kuedza itsva kurwisa. Somugumisiro, nhoroondo Serbia neMontenegro kwemakore akawanda akapfuura, akati kuna Istanbul. Muna 1499, vokuTurkey vakakunda rinenge rose Montenegrin ndima, kunze mumaguta mashoma vari pamhenderekedzo kuti Kotor Bay.

Kamwe kutongwa Sultan kweTurkey, Montenegro yakashandurwa kuva yakazvimirira administrative Unit, inonzi sanjak. Management akapiwa kwaari mwanakomana yaimbova Prince Ivana Chernoevicha, vatendeukira Islam uye akatora zita Skender Bey.

Vose vagere zviremera zvitsva kunonyorwa - Filur, kubhadhara raiva unorema chokubata nokuda kwemakore hondo Montenegrins. Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoti kuti hweOttoman utongi chokuita kunyanya mumadhorobha nhoroondo Montenegro, sapamazuva kure mumaruwa uye dzemakomo, kunyanya vokuTurkey rinenge haana.

The National yerusununguko kubva Montenegrins

Kuguma XVI uye XVII remakore kwakaratidza kutanga pakutanga vakawanda yerusununguko pamusoro Turkish utongi. Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa Zvikamu yakanga yakatanga muna 1604, kumukirawo rinotungamirirwa nemagavhuna Grdana. Muhondo pedyo netaundi Lushkopolya, vapanduki vakakwanisa kukunda hondo gavhuna wokuTurkey. kukunda Izvi zvakasimbisa racho, iyo iri yose Montenegro yakabviswa mumakore kuuya.

Nhoroondo nyika munguva XVII-XVIII emakore ane rikwanise nguva National yerusununguko, umo pfupi okukunda vakazovatevera vakakurirwa, achiti upenyu zviuru Montenegrins. Kurwisana vagari munyika dzakawanda akavimba yokutsigira Venice, pazuva reAdriatic akanga zvavo uye funga hweOttoman Empire somunhu zvinogona muvengi. Kana muna 1645 pakati Turkey uye Venice, hondo yakatanga, ivo Montenegrins yaingoda ichi, uye kwebope, akaedza kuenda pasi Venetian protectorate, asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti dzika zano iri.

The rusununguko

At pakuguma XVIII remakore national yerusununguko kubva Montenegrins rinotungamirirwa Potr Negosh. Akakwanisa kuti ave mutauriri weNational pfungwa uye, vakaungana rutsigiro zvakasiyana dzavo kusunungura dzakawanda kubva hweOttoman vanodzvinyirirwa. Akatsiviwa Danilo Njegos akatungamirira zviuru vazhinji varwi, uyo akakunda muna 1858 pedyo Grahovets rukundo vokuTurkey, mhedzisiro yaive mhosva nenzvimbo munyika changamire. History of Montenegro kubva panguva iyoyo akatanga kuva iri zvakasiyana zvachose hwaro.

In hurumende, ari mukati emakore mashomanana, mumwe muranda hweOttoman Empire, rakavambwa nekereke National - Assembly. Pashure makatodzinga vokuTurkey Montenegrin ndima yawedzera yekudyidzana nokuda kwebasa mairi kubviswa pamberi kupfuura yakaorera munzvimbo. Akanga vakadzokera kuwana kugungwa, uye korona zvose zvakanga kuitwa wokutanga Bumbiro yeMontenegro. Zvisinei, pasi chinzvimbo kuchiri chinhu nhaka kwavabati Njegos imba. Pakupedzisira, Montenegro kuti rusununguko akanzi muna 1878 panguva Berlin Congress kwegore.

Nhoroondo Pfupi Montenegro muna XX remakore

The remakore idzva nyika rwakatanga kuziviswa wake umambo akatevera muna 1910. Panguva World War First, Montenegro akatora kurutivi Entente, uye muna 1916 akabatwa neuto rweAustro-Hungary. Makore maviri gare gare, chisarudzo Great National Assembly rakaparadzwa monarchical hwedzinza Njegos uye Montenegro batanidzwa Serbia.

Panguva Second World War, nyika yaigarwa nevanhu vokuItaly nemauto. Kubvira muna 1945, Montenegro aiva mamiriro yeUnited zvokuvhoterwa, uye muna 2006 akava yakazvimirira mamiriro.