Nhoroondo yeDonetsk. Musoro weDonbass uye nhoroondo yayo

Kusvikira munguva ichangopfuura, zita rokuti "Donetsk" yemamiriyoni evanhu kumativi ose eEurope aibatanidzwa nebhola. Asi 2014 yaiva nguva yekuedzwa kweguta rino, avo vagari varo vakange vari mberi kwehondo, yakasunungurwa neboka revanhu vanoenda kune vanhu vemazuva ose. Semumwe wevakakurumbira vanoti: kuitira kuti tinzwisise zviripo uye kuti tione mberi remangwana, munhu anofanira kutarisa pane zvakaitika kare. Saka, avo vanoda kufanirwa zviitiko zvakaitika mumwedzi ichangopfuura kumabvazuva kweUkraine, zvakawanda zvinogona kutaura nyaya yeDonetsk. Saka, nei uye guta iri rakatanga rini, uye nei vagari varo vakaramba kuteerera vakuru veKiev vanopesana nemutemo weRussia?

Prehistory

Panharaunda yeguta guru revanhu vaDonbass vakararama kubva kare kare. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nezviwanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa panguva yekuchera kwakaitwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeguta munguva yezana remakore rapfuura. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti munguva dzakasiyana-siyana kwaiva nevekugara kwenguva pfupi kana kusingagumi kwevaScythia, Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Goths, uye, gare gare, vaSlav. Zvisinei, mumakore ekuma13 kusvika kumazana gumi nematanhatu vanhu vakasiya nzvimbo idzi nekuda kwekutsvaga, uye misha mitsva yakatanga kuonekwa ipapo mushure mekunge nyika idzi dzaiva pasi pekutungamirirwa kweDon Cossacks.

Nhoroondo yeDonetsk kubva pakati pezana remakore rechi18 kusvika pakutanga kwe19

Iko kugadzirisa kushanda kwebhedheni yeKalmius River uye nyika yakatarisana yakatanga muzana remakore rechi18 pamusoro pemirairo yaCatherine II. Muna 1760 munharaunda yedunhu reKiev yezvino Donetsk Alexandrovskaya Sloboda yakatangwa , gare gare akava musha. Inenge panguva imwe chete munharaunda maiva nenzvimbo dzeKrutoyarovka naGrigorievka. Vagari varo, pamwe chete neyekurima, vaibatanidzwa mumigodhi yemarasha, iyo yakawanda yemari yakachengetwa yakazozivikanwa mushure mokufambisa kwakatumirwa pakutsvakurudza kwemaminera naPetro Wokutanga vakashanyira mabhandi eRwizi Kurdyuchya. Muna 1820 migodhi duku yekutanga yakaonekwa zvakananga pedyo neAleksandrovskaya mine. Iko panguva iyoyo iyo nhoroondo yeDonetsk yakatanga seimwe yenzvimbo dzakakura dzemigodhi yemarasha muEurope.

Nheyo ye Yuzovka

Muna 1841, mamiriyoni matatu emigodhi yeAlexandrovsky yakavakwa, uye nepakati pezana remakore rechi19 nhamba yemabhizimusi emari emunharaunda munzvimbo yacho yakasvika kusvika 10. Makore mashomanana gare gare, hurumende yeRussia Empire yakasaina chibvumirano naSV Kochubei. Maererano nemitemo yekutengeserana uku, chibage chikuru chekugadzirwa kwematare ematare kwaifanira kuvakwa muDonbass. Muna 1869 Kochubey akatengesa mvumo yezviuru makumi maviri nemazana mapfumbamwe mapaundi akaisvonaka kune weBritish muzvinabhizimusi John Hughes, uyo akatanga kuvakwa kwemiti yemasallurgic pedyo nemusha weAlexandrovka. Mukuwedzera, akaisa musha weYuzovka kune vashandi vemiti itsva. Nokudaro zvakatanga nhoroondo yeDonetsk, gore reheyo iyo inowanzofunga nezve 1869th. Makore matatu gare gare, mhepo yakazara yakaiswa mushandi, uye Yuza Combine yakava imwe yezvinonyanya kukosha magetsi muRussia. Mumakore gumi nemashanu chete vanhu vekushanda kwevashandi ve metallurgist vakakura 50, vakachinja kuva guta rekushanda, pane telegraph, chipatara, mahofisi akawanda uye chikoro chakashanda. Ikoko kwaive neyoyoyo, sezvavanotaura nhasi, egypt microdistrict, umo maigara vanjiniya nevamwe vadzidzisi vauya kuYuzovka kuzoshanda pasi pebvumirano. Vagari vomunharaunda vaidana kuti chiChirungu uye vakaitira shanje vagari vayo, avo vaivepo zvikomborero zvakadai zvebudiriro semvura nemagetsi.

Donetsk: nhoroondo yeguta mushure meOctober Revolution

Pane nguva dzose, vashandi vevashandi vanosiyana zvakabatana uye sangano, saka hazvishamisi kuti nguva nenguva muguta racho maive nezviito zvakawanda zvevashandi vachikumbira kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekushanda uye kuwedzera kwemari. Kunyanya, muna 1892, vashandi vemadhora makumi maviri nemashanu vakagadzira kupesana kwakadzvinyirirwa nehurumende. Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti muna March 1917 sarudzo dzeSoviet of Workers 'Deputies dzakaitirwa muDonetsk, uye mushure megore raOctober muna Petrograd mutungamiri wehurumende iyi yaakazivisa rubatsiro rwehurumende runotungamirirwa naVen Lenin. Mushure mezvo, guta racho raipfuurira richibva kune rumwe rutivi uye ruoko rwavo muna December 1919 rakava chikamu cheUkraine SSR. Kunyange zvakadaro, mepu yekumabvazuva kweUkraine, kunyanya miganhu yenyika ino neRSFSR, yainzi inopesana. Ichokwadi ndechokuti chikamu chikuru chevanhu uye vazhinji vezvematongerwe enyika uye vamiririri vevanzwisisika vakaratidza kusava nechokwadi kukuru pamusoro pehutano hwekubatana kweDonetsk kuUkraine.

Stalino

Mifananidzo yeDonetsk mumakore ekutanga eSoviet power anoratidza kuti kunyange ipapo kuvaka kwakasimba kwakatanga muguta. Saka, mushure mekugadzirisa zvakare muStalin muna 1924, nzvimbo yekugara "Standard" yakavakwa ipapo kune metallurgists nevembezi, uye muna 1932 chirongwa chekutanga chekutanga chakatorwa munhoroondo yeDonetsk. Zvisinei, haana kufunga nezvekuwedzera nokukurumidza kwevanhu maererano nekutumirwa kwemabhizimisi matsva emabhizimisi. Nokudaro, muna 1938 zvakagadziriswa uye anenge gumi nemazana akapoteredza misha akaiswa mumhenderekedzo yeguta, achiumba zvikepe zveKirov, Petrovsky uye Proletarian zveDonetsk (Ukraine).

Nokudaro, kutanga kwehondo, vanhu veStino vakanga vari vanhu 50 000, 223 mabhizimusi emabhizimisi akashanda ipapo, kusanganisira kubatana kwehurumende, iyo yakapa 7% yemarasha, 5% yesimbi, uye 11% coke kubva kuwandu hwezvinhu izvi zvakagadzirwa muUSSR.

Donetsk mumakore ekushanda

MunaJuly naAugust 1941, musangano wekuparadzanisa wakaumbwa muguta uye 383rd mining division, iyo yakabatanidzwa mukuzvidzivirira kwayo. Zvisinei, pakupera kwaOctober, kuumbwa kweWehrmacht uye chikamu cheuto reItaly rakapinda muStalin. Nokudaro, kufanana neUkraine yose, Donetsk yakanga iri mubasa. "Vane masimba matsva" vakatanga kukurumidzira kudzorera basa remigodhi nemabhizimisi emabhizimisi, avo maitiro avo aikosha pakuwana kukunda muhondo. Panguva imwecheteyo, maGermany akaronga ghetto kune vamiririri vevanhu vechiJudha, avo vakazoparadzwa zvakare ndokudonhera mumugodhi 4-4 bis uye musasa wevasungwa weSoviet vasungwa vehondo. Uyewo maitiro ekuranga, akagadzirirwa kubvisa kusateerera kwevakuru vakuru vebasa, vakaita. Kunyanya, inozivikanwa kuti munyaya yekuponda kune mumwe muGermany serviceman, zana rehuwandu hwevanhu vakarayirwa kupfurwa, pasinei nehutano nezera. Zvisinei, matanho akadaro haana kupa chiitiko chaitarisira nefascists, uye masangano makumi maviri nemakumi maviri ekuparadzanisa uye masabata anoparadza akabudirira muStalino, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune muvengi.

Kusunungurwa kwaStal uye makore apfuura-hondo

Musi waSeptember 8, 1943, mukati mekushanda kwebasa reDonbas, mauto eSoviet akapinda muguta. Nokudaro, basa raStalin rakapedzwa, rinogara kwemazuva manomwe. Anenge pakarepo, basa rakanga ratanga kudzorera mhizha, iyo yaigara ichizvikudza neDonetsk. Nhoroondo yeguta mumakore anotevera izere nezviitiko zvinonakidza, zvikurukuru zvine chokuita nekutumirwa kwemigodhi mitsva, mabhizimusi emabhizimisi uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzepasi.

Muna 1961, zvakasarudzwa kuchinja zita reguta racho. Nokusarudzwa kweSupreme Soviet yeUkraine SSR, yakazozivikanwa seDonetsk, mushure mezita reSeversky Donets River. Mushure memazana gumi nemakore gumi nemana muguta iri rakanga rava nevanopfuura mamiriyoni vagari vemo, rakava chechishanu guru munyika. Kuchinja kwakakosha kwakagadzirwawo mumepu yeDonetsk, uko zvitsva zvitsva zvinowanikwa.

Nhoroondo yeguta iri chikamu chekuzvimirira Ukraine

Mushure mokuputsika kweU.SR muna 1991 muDonetsk nzvimbo kwekutanga kokutaura nezvekuumbwa kwezvokuchengetedza. Zvisinei, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Ukraine yakagamuchirwa muKievesi yakanyaradza vanhu vaitaura chiRussia munharaunda yacho, vachimanikidzira kwekanguva kukanganwa nezvemaitiro emarudzi akambonzwa kubva kuKiev. Nokudaro, kusvika muna 2014, mepu yeDonetsk neDonetsk nzvimbo, kunyanya miganhu yeEastern Ukraine neRussia, yakaramba yakangofanana nemazuva eUkraine SSR.

Sechikamu cheDNR

Mhirizhonga yevanhu yakatanga mushure mezviitiko zvakakurumbira zveEuroMaidan muKiev. Pamufananidzo weDonetsk, wakaitwa munguva iyo kubva pakati paMarch kusvika pakupera kwaApril 2014, unogona kuona makumi ezviuru zvevatsitendi avo vakabatanidzwa mukurwisana pamusoro pezviito zvezvivako zveK Kiev uye nekugadzwa kwevatongi vatsva kumatunhu. Kunyanya, musi waApril 6, vagari vakawana chivako che Regional Council of People's Deputies, uye zuva rakatevera, chinotarirwa pasi pezvinyorwa zvenyika yaiva Ukraine. Donetsk yakava guta guru rezvakaziviswa Donetsk People Republic. Mukuwedzera, musi iwoyo, zuva rekurefereta rakaitwa, apo vagari vaifanira kupindura mubvunzo wekuzvimirira kweNPP. Somugumisiro wezvido zvehuzhinji hwevagari vemuMeyi 12 muDonetsk, mutongi weDonetsk People Republic akaparidzirwa. Izvi zvakateverwa nemaitiro ehondo ane chokuita nemidziyo yakakura uye zvombo. Kunyanya, guta racho rakatanga kuenderera mberi richibhururuka, iyo ndege yakashandurwa ikava nhandare yekurwa kwakasimba, uye mepu yekumabvazuva kweUkraine yakatanga kuonekwa paTV zviratidzo zvinoratidza nzvimbo dzekupesana pakati peDonbas militia fighters uye chiUkraine siloviki.

Nhasi kumabvazuva kweUkraine kune hurumende yekugumisa moto, uye kune tariro yokuti vagari veDonetsk uye yose Dnepropetrovsk region vachazogona kudzokera kuhupenyu hune rugare.