Nesimbi Kugadzirira uye chikumbiro chavo

Pasinei dzakawanda mumaindasitiri uye musha kushandiswa chakagadzirwa zvokuvakisa, kusiya pakushandisa nesimbi kuchigere zvinobvira. Ivo nhaka yakasiyana mubatanidzwa zvivako, uye alloys kubvumira kushandisa zvavanokwanisa kuti vaifanira. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo pane kugadzirira uye kushandiswa simbi?

Mapoka manyorerwo zvinhu

Under nesimbi ngaanzwisise kuisa pamusoro inorganic makemikari pamwe noruzhinji ehupfumi. Kazhinji, Vanosanganisira:

• yakakwirira chafariz conductivity;
• Kubvuma sanduko, hama nyore machine;
• hwakanyatsorwisa matunhu utsotso pfungwa;
• zvakanaka magetsi conductivity;
• kwese "esimbi" kubwinya;
• sezvo kuderedza mutumwa ari siyana;
• kumusoro arambe achirema.

Chokwadi, havasi vose zvinhu zvinoumba boka iri nhaka ehupfumi izvi zvose, Somuenzaniso, nemekiyuri panguva nenzvimbo tembiricha, nemvura gallium unonyauka nokupisa remaoko evanhu, uye bismuth asiri nyore kufurirwa. Asi vose, zvose izvi zvinhu zvinogona kurondwa mune uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. simbi.

zvemukati kupatsanura

Metals conventionally rakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda, mumwe nomumwe unounza pamwe zvinhu izvo pedyo mumwe musi parameters siyana. Kune zvinotevera nemapoka:

• Alkaline - 6;
• alkaline - 4;
• Kuchinja - 38;
• Lightweight - 7;
• semimetals - 7;
• lanthanides - 14 + 1;
• actinides - 14 + 1;

Kunze mapoka kuramba mamwe maviri: beryllium uye magnesium. Nokudaro, panguva iyoyo yose yakazaruka okunze 94 Masayendisiti anotaura simbi.

Uyezve, zvinokosha kutaura kuti pane dzimwe kupatsanura. Maererano navo, vanoonekwa yoga anokudzwa simbi yacho Platinum boka, post-Kuchinja, refractory, vatema uye mavara uye t. D. Izvi zvine musoro chete zvimwe zvinangwa, zviri nyore kushandisa kwakajairika kupatsanura.

History chionekeso

Vanhu padzimba dzaro budiriro akanga chokuita zvikuru kubudiswa uye kushandiswa simbi. Kunze yokuti vakanga vakawanda zvinhu vavo vaigona kubudisa zvinhu siyana chete nokuda machine. Sezvo unyanzvi esimbi haapo, pakutanga rakanga chete nokushandiswa zvinokosha. Pakutanga kwaiva dzakapfavirira simbi, chaakapa zita Copper Age, uyo akatsiva ibwe. Panguva iyi, takanga muitiro kuti chando nokuchengetedza. Mune dzimwe dzomunyika vakava zvichibvira simbi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu kugona kuwana dzisiri ferrous nesimbi, zvakadai segoridhe, sirivha, netini.

Gare gare yatsiviwa mhangura rakasvika yendarira Age. He kwakatora anenge 20 zviuru zvemakore, uye yakachinja yevanhu, nokuti iyi zvakakwanisika zvirimwa alloys. Pane zvishoma nezvishoma kusimudzira maindasitiri, kwakavandudzwa nzira kubudisa simbi. Zvisinei, muna 13-12 emakore. BC. e. paiva anonzi Bronze pokuwa kuti chakaratidza kutanga ari Iron Age. Izvi anofungidzirwa zvakanga nokuda Kuparadzwa gaba. A kutungamirira nemekiyuri, akazaruka panguva ino, asingagoni kuti amirire nendarira. Saka vanhu vaifanira kuva kugadzirwa simbi kubva ores.

Rinotevera nguva anyanya pfupi nguva - isingasviki Mireniyamu, asi akasiya chinopenya aitodada munhau. Pasinei nokuti simbi yaizivikanwa zvikuru apfuura, izvozvo akapotsa haana kushanda nemhaka payakaipira ichienzaniswa nendarira. Uyezve, wokupedzisira aiva nyore kuwana, ukuwo mhangura simbi yakanga yakawanda unoparadza nguva-basa. The ndechokuti chizvarwa simbi iri zvisinganyanyi kuitika, saka hazvishamisi kuti kuramba yendarira zvakadaro kunonoka.

Kukosha nesimbi yavaive unyanzvi

By muenzaniso munzira tateguru kwevanhu vokutanga nhumbi basa, dzokubatanidza ibwe rinopinza kuti kamuti, yezwi zvinhu zvitsva zvakazoonekwa kuti zvakafanana chikuru. The chikuru zvakanakira simbi zvigadzirwa kwaisanganisira kuti vari nyore kuita, uye zvaibvira kugadzira. Stone vasina plasticity uye malleability, saka chero chombo kubva zvinogona chete zviitwe kubva muvare, kuagadzira haana basa.

Saka, zviri yezwi kushandiswa nesimbi kwaita kuti mberi kuvandudzika midziyo basa, kuti chidzoke idzva zvemumba, zvishongo, kuti zvakanga yakapfuura hazviiti. All ichi chamuita kuti hwokugadzira mberi uye nheyo kukura simbi.

nzira ano

Kana munguva dzekare, vanhu vakanga chete vaiziva kugadzirwa nesimbi kubva ores, kana vaigona kusarudza zvinokosha, panguva ino, pane dzimwe nzira. Vakanga kunounzwa kukura kemisitiri. Saka, pane nzvimbo huru mbiri:

• Pyrometallurgy. Zvakatanga kukura kwayo pamberi uye chokuita yakakwirira tembiricha hunodiwa kuti dzinoona zvinhu. Modern ruzivo munharaunda iyi kubvumira kushandisa plasma.
• Hydrometallurgy. Izvi mirayiridzo yatovapo vavimbisana achibvisa okunze kubva ores, tsvina inonyanya uye t. D. With mvura uye nemakemikari. Somuenzaniso, zvakajairika nzira kunosanganisira kuwana nesimbi nokuda electrolysis, zvakare zvikuru nevakawanda nzira cementation.

Pane imwe dzinonakidza rwokugadzira. Kuunganidza anokosha nesimbi vamatunhu kuchena shoma kurasikirwa yakaitwa zvinogoneka rutendo kwaari. Talking pamusoro Refinery. Izvi - imwe mhando nokunatswa, kureva zvishoma nezvishoma. kupatsanurwa netsvina. Somuenzaniso, panyaya dzendarama yaishandiswa saturation of uchanyangadika kuiisa chlorine, uye Platinum zvazvichanyungudutswa chicherwa acids kwaizotevera oga reagents.

Sezvineiwo, kugadzirwa nesimbi nokuda electrolysis kakawanda kushandiswa apo kuvanatsa kana zvinoderedza zvemari disadvantageous. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika pamwe aruminiyamu uye yavaibvisa. Kunewo mamwe unyanzvi inoita kugadzirwa asiri ferrous nesimbi kunyange kubva kumbonyanya yakaderera wegiredhi ores pasina chinokosha mutengo, asi isu tichaenda nezvazvo pashure zvishoma.

About alloys

Vazhinji nesimbi anozivikanwa kare, havana nguva kusangana zvimwe zvinodiwa. Ngura, rwakakwana zvakaoma, brittleness, fragility, impermanence - ose chinhu ayo wakachena chimiro ane zvainovhiringidzawo ayo. Naizvozvo, zvakava zvakakodzera kuwana zvinhu zvitsva kuti nokubatanidza zvakanakira munhu inonyatsozivikanwa, kureva kuwana nzira kubereka simbi alloys. Nhasi, kune huru nzira mbiri:

• Kukanda. Mixed zvinoriumba akanyauka inotonhodza uye crystallizes. Hazvina nzira iyi akabvumira kuwana mimwe alloys rokutanga: dzendarira nendarira.
• Kudzvanya. The musanganiswa Nezvakakuyiwa riri pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa, uye ipapo sintered.

zvimwe kuvandudzika

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvikuru vaizotibata sokuti kuwana nesimbi nokushandiswa hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, zvikurukuru nemabhakitiriya. Yava zvichibvira kuwanazve kubva sulfidic mbishi zvinhu zvemhangura, nickel, zingi, goridhe uye uranium exchange. Masayendisiti tariro tusingaoneki batanidza kuti pezvakaitwa zvakadai leaching, oxidation, adsorption uye kunayisa. Mukuwedzera, zvikuru kukamura uchishandisa zvinoyerera yakadzika pakuchenesa wastewater ndeyakewo kuedza kuwana mhinduro kuti inosanganisira kutora chikamu utachiona vake.

kunyoresa

Pasina nesimbi uye alloys zvaisazobvira upenyu muchimiro nayo zvino anozivikanwa vanhu. Zvivako High-simuka, ndege, nezvirongo, nezvionioni, midziyo yemagetsi, motokari uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji panongova kunokwana vanhu kure achichinja kubva ibwe mhangura, ndarira nesimbi.

Nokuda kwavo kunoshamisa zvemagetsi uye chafariz conductivity chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvinoshandiswa waya uye netambo kuti mafomu siyana. Gold rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi asiri oxidizing vokukurukura. Nokuda kwayo simba uye neukukutu zvesimbi iri zvinowanzoshandiswa kuvaka uye zvakasiyana-siyana mano. Imwe nzvimbo chikumbiro - chokushandisa. Nokuti mukugadzira vashandi Somuenzaniso, achicheka chikamu inowanzoshandiswa alloys zvakaoma uye anokosha steels. Pakupedzisira, nesimbi dzinokosha vanokosheswa somunhu mashoko zvishongo. Saka mafomu zviwande.

Interesting pamusoro nesimbi uye alloys

Kushandisa zvinhu izvi zvachakapararira kwazvo uye ane nhoroondo yakadaro refu, iyo hazvishamisi chimiro siyana anosetsa ezvinhu. Inongova vaviri dzinonakidza chokwadi uye kunofanira kuguma pakuguma;

• Asati wayo kwazvo Kuparadzirwa aruminiyamu kunoongwa zvikuru. Forogo, Banga Nechipunu, iyo kana kugamuchira vaenzi vaishandisa Napoleon III, vakaitwa chaiyo kubva chino uye vaiva pasi mambo kuzvikudza.
• Platinum rokuremekedza mu Spanish rinoreva "serebrishko". Kwakadaro unflattering zita chaikosha akagamuchira nezvichaitika pazera yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa uye somugumisiro kusakwanisika kwenguva refu kuzvishandisa.
• Yakaisvonaka dzamutswa uye hunogona kungoparara Scratched aine nzara. Ndokusaka kuti kugadzirwa zvishongo zvinonzi yakapambadzirwa nesirivha kana mhangura.
• Pane alloys ane kuziva zvinhu thermoelasticity, kuti ndiye mugumisiro "ndangariro" chimiro. Kana deformation kwaizotevera kudziyisa vari vakadzokera hwepakutanga.