Ancient Greek akitekicha: zvinhu uye zvinhu

Ancient Greek akitekicha vakasimudzira zvikuru pamusoro mavakirwo nekutambira mazera. Its zvinokosha Pfungwa uye uzivi zvachose yakanyura tsika Europe. Chii inonakidza pamusoro rekare rechiGiriki mapurani? Order hurongwa, nheyo mumadhorobha kuronga uye pakusikwa dzemitambo zvinotsanangurwa gare gare munyaya ino.

nguva budiriro

Ancient Greece - imwe ekare, rwaiumbwa dzakawanda akapararira guta-inotaura. Rinotaura yokumadokero Asia Minor, kumaodzanyemba muBalkan Peninsula, zveAegean zviwi, uyewo wokumaodzanyemba Italy, Sisiri uye Gungwa Black nharaunda.

Mavakirwo Greece yekare chamuita zhinji maitiro uye akava hwaro mavakirwo Renaissance. Munhoroondo yacho kukura kazhinji kusiyanisa nzendo dzakawanda.

• Homeric nguva (pezana XII - pakati VIII remakore BC ...) - itsva siyana uye zvimwe inobva vaimbova tsika Mycenaean. Huru Zvivako vaiva dzimba uye temberi yokutanga, nevhu, kupiswa uye matanda. Paiva vokutanga zvedongo mitezo yakarongedzwa.
• Zvekare (VIII - V pakutanga, 480 fung BCE ....). Nokuumbwa policies, zvivako zvitsva paruzhinji. Temberi munzvimbo pamberi kuva musimboti woupenyu guta. Kuvakwa ibwe rinowanzoshandiswa: reraimu, machena, Terracotta cladding. Kune mhando dzakasiyana machechi. Doric rikunde.
• Classic (480 - 330 BCE ...) - kuwedzera. mhando dzose mirairo muchiGiriki mapurani vari kushingaira kukura uye kunyange compositionally chokuita nomumwe. Kune wokutanga dzemitambo uye dzimba mumhanzi (odeyony), nedzimba porticoes. Akaumba Dzidziso mumigwagwa uye zvinogumbura marongerwo.
• EchiGiriki (330 - 180 BCE ...). Akavaka dzemitambo uye zvimwe zvivako zvinoshandiswa nevoruzhinji. Greek kwokukurukurirana mapurani iri nechimwe yokuMabvazuva okunze. Hunodzorwa decoration, mutambarakede uye nekubudirira kwevanhu. Zvinowanzoshandiswa hurongwa kuKorinde.

Muna 180, Greece yakanga pasi pokudzora Rome. Empire vakakwezvwa kuna pamusoro masayendisiti ake guru uye vanatenzi ounyanzvi, akakweretwa kubva vaGiriki, dzimwe tsika nemagariro. Naizvozvo, Greek yekare uye mavakirwo Roman vane zvakafanana zhinji, dzakadai pakuvaka dzimba kana kuti gadziriro.

Philosophy akitekicha

Chero zvinoumba upenyu vaGiriki vekare akatsvaka kuzadzisa kuwirirana. Ideas nezvazvo havana kujeka uye yokungotaura. MuGirisi yekare, kuwirirana akanga sokuva wemishonga zvirire zvikuru.

Vakanga zvaishandiswa dzemuviri. Beauty haina chete kuyerwa "ne ziso", asi kongiri nenhamba. Saka, muvezi Polycleitus mu bhuku rake "The Canon" inopiwa pachena parameters kuti yakanaka murume nomukadzi. Beauty kwakabatana zvakananga mumuviri uye kunyange pakunamata utano uye kuvimbika wacho.

The muviri womunhu akanga sechinhu chakagadzirwa mashoko izvo zvakakwana kukodzera nomumwe. Greek akitekicha Ancient uye chivezwa zvaizoitawo akaedza maximally awirirane pfungwa zvinoenderana.

Sizes uye zvitarisiko dzinoenderana mifananidzo pfungwa "kodzero" muviri wayo parameters. View of zvivezwa zvinowa- inoparadzirwa akakodzera murume: kunamata, utano uye zvemitambo. Mavakirwo anthropomorphism wakaratidzwa mazita nezviito (kugokora, ruoko) uye zvikuru vakanga Rinobva kukura nhamba.

Human Mapping ndiyo mbiru. hwaro hwavo kana chawo kuzvibatanidza makumbo, hunde - pamwe mubhokisi, guta - musoro wake. The mira grooves, kana nyere pamusoro neshongwe hunde zvipfeko pazvirugu.

The chikuru mirairo yekare Greek mapurani

About guru nokubudirira engineering kufunga haigoni kutaura muGirisi yekare. Complex mazano negadziriso ipapo kwete kushandiswa. Temple nguva inogona kuenzaniswa megaliths, iro rikawira pasi dombo rutsigiro ibwe danda. Ukuru Greek mapurani yekare uye zvinhu zviri, kupfuura zvose, mune aesthetics ayo uye kushongedzwa.

Artistry uye uzivi meimba akabatsira kushandura ake kuti kana post-uye-danda urongwa zvinhu mune imwe maitiro uye tsika. Kune zvitatu marudzi inokosha mirairo muchiGiriki mapurani:

• Doric;
• Ionic;
• KuKorinde.

Ivo vose vaiva vanhuwo akagadzirwa okunze, asi chakasiyana nzvimbo dzavo, chimiro uye chishongo. Saka, nechiGiriki kuti wakapinda stereobate, stylobate entablature uye cornice. Stereobate aimiririra danho pamusoro nheyo chawo. Ipapo akatevera stilobat kana mbiru.

Entablature akatakurirwa chikamu riri pamusoro pembiru. Rezasi danda riri iro vakazorora entablature yose anonzi architrave. Raiva rimwe frieze - munhu Decorative Piece avhareji. Yokumusoro Chikamu entablature - eaves, iye rikavafukidza wemigove.

Pakutanga Greek akitekicha zvinhu zvisina yakavhenganiswa. Ionic entablature akaenda chete Ionic mbiru, vokuKorinde - yeKorinde. Imwe Style - on chivakwa chete. Pashure erection Iktinos Callicrates uye Parthenon mu V remakore BC. e. Orders akatanga kusanganisa akaisa pamusoro mumwe. Izvi zvaiitwa imwe kuti: chokutanga, Doric, Ionic uye ipapo, uye ipapo Korinde.

Doric hurongwa

Doric uye Ionic Greek runyararo mapurani vaiva huru. Dorian maitiro akanga akatekeshera kunyanya yakaoma uye nhaka Mycenaean tsika. It kunoratidzwa akakura uye zvishoma yainetsa. Chitarisiko warandi anotaura kudzikama UKURU uye Kupfupika.

Doric mbiru yakaderera. Havana nechigadziko, uye hunde simba uye tapers kumusoro. Abaca, okumusoro ngowani, rine mativi chimiro uye nhema pamusoro raundi backwater (Ehin). Nyere, sezvinoita mutemo, aiva makumi maviri. Mapurani Vitruvius akaenzanisa neshongwe murayiro uyu murume - simba uye ikadziviswa.

Kuitira entablature nguva dzose kupinda architrave, frieze uye cornice. Freese chakaparadzaniswa kubva pasherefu uye architrave rinoumbwa triglyphs - elongated rectangles pamwe nyere kuti humwewo pamwe metopes - zvishoma recessed mativi mahwendefa kana pasina zvivezwa vavo. Friezes mamwe mirairo vakanga triglyphs pamwe metopes.

On triglyphs wakarovererwa anonyanya inoshanda mabasa. The vatsvakurudzi vanoti waimiririra miromo matanda wakavata pamadziro tsvene. Akanga zvachose dzaona parameters uye inotsigira eaves uye edenga. Mune dzimwe dzimba mukuru nzvimbo pakati kumigumo triglyphs metopes hadzina kuzadzwa uye kuramba maturo.

Ionic hurongwa

Ionic kuti hurongwa yakapiwa eAsia Minor, muna Attica, uye pazvitsuwa. Kubatsira Kwavanoita yakanga Fenikiya uye Persia ahemedinskaya. Muenzaniso zvidavado uyu wakajeka chaiva temberi yaAtemisi paEfeso uye mutemberi Hera muna Samosi.

Ionica chokuita mufananidzo vakadzi. To kuti akanga dzinoratidzwa decoration, nenyama uye unyanzvi. Its chikuru chepfungwa raiva guru, zvakagadzirirwa muchimiro imwe volute - symmetrically akaronga curls. Mushosho uye Echinus akashongedzwa mifananidzo.

Ionic mbiru vari wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose uye zvakawanda tetepa kupfuura Doric. Chawo akazorora nezuva sikweya mundiro uye yakashongedzwa convex uye concave zvinhu pamwe Sora okurwadzisa. Dzimwe pechingoro yaiva pamusoro dhiramu akashongedzwa zvivezwa. Kure pakati Ionic mbiru refu, iyo inowedzera nenyama uye runako meimba.

Entablature aigona kuva pamusoro architrave uye cornice (Asia Minor maitiro) kana muzvikamu zvitatu, sezvo ari Doric (atiki maitiro). Architrave akakamurwa fascia - chinjikira dzezvitsigiro. Pakati paro uye cornice ane diki clove. Munoyerera pamusoro cornice achiwanza yakashongedzwa nezvishongo.

kuKorinde kuti

YeKorinde haawanzopiwi kuonekwa dzakazvimirira, chinowanzoonekwa rinorondedzerwa so kusiyana of Ionic. Pane shanduro mbiri, kuudza pamusoro kwakatangira murayiro uyu. More zvisingakoshi kutaura nokukwereta muEgipita manyorerwo mbiru, vakanga yakashongedzwa lotus mashizha. Maererano neimwe pfungwa, murayiro akasikwa muvezi kubva kuKorinde. Rakafuridzirwa navo kuonekwa mudengu, maiva acanthus mashizha.

Kubva Ionic zvakasiyana kunyanya kureba uye yakashongedzwa misoro, iyo yakashongedzwa stylized acanthus mashizha. Misara miviri mashizha nisa pepuranga yokumusoro chikamu pedenderedzwa mbiru. Mapato abaca concave uye yakashongedzwa zvikuru nezviduku zononoka curls.

YeKorinde zvine Decor kupfuura vamwe kuti vari mapurani Greek. Pakati pavatatu zvitaera akanga sechinhu chinonyanya youmbozha, kwezvokufuka uye akapfuma. Unyoro hwake uye Sophistication chokuita mufananidzo kasikana, uye acanthus mashizha akanga akaita curls. "Girlish" anowanzodanwa nokuda murayiro uyu.

temberi yekare

Temberi yaiva chivako chikuru uye chinokosha muGirisi yekare. chimiro chake chaiva nyore, zvakanga kumumvuri kuti dzinogarwa mativi imba. Mavakirwo kutemberi yekare Greek Zvishoma nezvishoma zvikuru kwakatooma uye vaisanganisa mutsva zvinhu chero asina ane kumativi chimiro. Yemanyorero vakadaro kure zvekunyanyisa:

• distillate;
• prostyle;
• amphiprostyle;
• peripter;
• dipter;
• psevdodipter;
• Tholos.

Temple muGirisi yekare akanga asina mahwindo. Kunze kwayo akapoteredzwa Mbiru yakanga yakaiswa pamusoro mukoko denga uye matanda. Inside tsvene chaimbova chifananidzo mwari uyo temberi yakatsaurirwa.

Zvimwe zvivako aigona kuiswa chiduku kupfeka mukamuri - pronaos. Panguva rwemberi temberi huru yaiva imwe nzvimbo. It wakachengeta mipiro vagari, zvokushandisa matsvene uye upfumi guta.

The mhando chokutanga chechi - distillate - yaiva tsvene, pamberi loggia iyo runopoteredza masvingo uye Antes. The loge dzichengeterwe mbiru mbiri. Nokuwedzera kunzwisisa nhamba yembiru zvitaera yakawedzera. In zvavo zvina prostyle mu amphiprostyle - mana seri uye pamberi France.

Mumatemberi, peripetrah ivo vakombe chivakwa kumativi ose. Kana mbiru vanosarudzirwa kumativi mukomberedzo mumitsara miviri, ichi manyorero dipter. Zvapedzisira kwemanyorero, Tolosa uyewo pfungwa mbiru kwezvakatipoteredza, asi mukomberedzo aiva cylindrical chimiro. Panguva hweRoma yakatanga kuva tholos mhando kuvakwa "Rotunda".

mudziyo mitemo

Greek guta-inoti dzakavakwa zvikurukuru pagungwa. Vakaita rakavapo kupinda kutengesa democracies. The paruzhinji uye enyika upenyu guta wakapindwa zvavo akakodzera vagari. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti mavakirwo Greece yekare kukura kwete chete nenzira nzvimbo dzokunamatira, asiwo paruzhinji muzvivako.

Yokumusoro cheguta raiva Acropolis. Kazhinji, yakanga iri pachikomo, uye akanga akavakirirwa zvakanaka kuchengeta muvengi mukurwisa kushamisika. Its iri mukati temberi vamwari vakadzivirira guta.

Lower peguta rakanga mumusika - rakavhurika musika nharaunda umo waya kutengeserana, kuti vagadzirise zvinokosha munzanga uye dzezvematongerwo enyika. It chaimbova chikoro, kuvaka Council Revakuru, Basil, kuvaka nokuti mabiko uye misangano, uyewo mutemberi. Nechomumugwagwa mukomberedzo pakati mumusika dzimwe nguva kuisa yakanyungudutswa.

Kubva pakutanga, rekare rechiGiriki mapurani Vanzveri kuti zvivako dziri mukati mitemo iripo. placement yavo yaipiwa yomunharaunda nomunzvimbo dzine. Muzana V remakore BC Hippodamus vakatakura akabudisa yechimurenga mumaguta kuronga. Iye akabayira pajira riya zvakajeka mumigwagwa mamiriro runoparadzanisa zvidhinha kupinda rectangles kana dzinoungana.

Zvivako All uye zvivako, kusanganisira mumusika, chiri mukati masero Quarterly, kwete kunetseka kubva zvachose unodiwa. marongerwo Izvi zvinoita nyore kuti apedzise kuvaka zvikamu itsva mutemo, pasina zvinopesana kuvimbika uye kuwirirana. Maererano chirongwa dzakavakwa Hippodamus paMireto, kuKinidho, kuAsosi, uye zvichingodaro. D. Asi Athens Somuenzaniso, akagara kuruoko yekare "runobva" chimiro.

kwaigara

Dzimba Ancient Greece vakanga vakasiyana zvichienderana nezera uye mari yacho wehondo. Ziva marudzi akawanda inokosha dzimba:

• Megaron;
• apsidal;
• pastadny;
• peristyle.

Mumwe dzokutanga mhando dzose - megaron. zano rake rakava zvikabva kuti temberi yacho Homeric yaitonga wokutanga. The imba aiva rectangular chimiro pamagumo chikamu kuri noruvazhe ane pabiravira. Ndima okantovyvayut mbiru mbiri, uye yakabudikira rusvingo. Inside, pakanga chete aine pachoto pakati uye buri pedenga utsi kamuri rimwe.

Apsidal imba iri yakavakwa nguva yokutanga. Raiva rectangle pamwe woita mugove unopinza, anonzi apse. Gare gare, paiva pastadnye peristyle uye mhando zvezvivako. External masvingo mavari vaiva matsi, uye marongerwo zvivako - akavharwa.

Pastada aiva ndima iri mukati roruvanze. Pamusoro akanga akafukidzwa uye anotsigirwa emapuranga mbiru. Muzana IV remakore BC akava akakurumbira peristyle. It anoramba yekare marongerwo, asi pastadny ndima kuchatsiviwa nomungoro mbiru pamusoro mukomberedzo pamusoro pemarata.

Kurutivi mumigwagwa zvaingova namasvingo anotsvedzerera mudzimba. Inside aiva chivanze, kumativi acho riri ose kwakavakirwa eimba. Windows kazhinji chisipo, chiedza tsime raiva dare. Kana mahwindo uye vakanga akaiswa panhurikidzwa yechipiri. Interior kushongedzwa vakawanda vaiva nyore kwakanyanyisa akatanga kuonekwa chete Hellenistic zera.

The imba yakapesana pachena zvechikadzi (ginekeev) namakwayana (Andro) hafu. In varume takava vaenzi uye akaronga zvokudya. Get pamusoro vakadzi divi zvakanga chete kuburikidza nawo. On chikamu Hynek aiva pamusuo mubindu. Dzimba vapfumi dzichengeterwe kicheni, sauna uye bhekari. Uriri chechipiri Kazhinji akapfuura.

Mavakirwo rekare rechiGiriki yemitambo

Theater Ancient Greece vakanga vakabatana kwete chete varaidzo chinoumba, asi zvokunamata. chidzoke ake Rinobatanidzwa ne kunamatwa Dionysus. Mabasa chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo yokutanga yakaitwa kukudza mwari uyu. About Nezvekwakabva pfungwa yekare Greek theatre mapurani nowenyika risingamboshandisi pamberi pearitari, waiva orhestre dzechitendero.

Pachikuva, paiva Mhemberero, mitambo uye mitambo. Muzana IV remakore BC, vakaguma chokuita nechitendero. Mabasa uye kuzvidzora nezvinobvamo paaivatambudza Archon. Huru mabasa vakanga reDare vaifanira vatatu nevakadzi, vakanga vachitamba nevanhu. Mutambo wacho aitamba ari makwikwi apo vadetembi majana kupa basa ravo.

Unhu wokutanga dzemitambo akanga nyore. Pakati raiva orhestra - kumativi ivhu, iyo chaimbova kwaya. Shure pacho pane kamuri umo vakapfeka vatambi (Skene). Auditorium (Theatron) waiva wandei kukura uye rakanga rakavakwa pagomo, ari denderedzwagama skirting zvaiitika.

dzemitambo All zvaiiswa zvakananga pasi pakachena denga. Pakutanga, vakanga pfupi. On ose zororo yemapuranga platforms zvakavakwa patsva. Muzana V remakore BC zvigaro kuti vaoni akatanga kuveza namabwe chaipo pechikomo. Saka anosika zvakarurama uye dzinongoitika fanera, kusimudzira acoustics zvakanaka. Kugonesa ruzha resonance chaiwo midziyo akaisa pedyo vaoni.

With uvandudze pakati yemitambo uye pachikuva kuvakwa rakaoma. chikamu chacho pamberi raiva mbiru uye pamberi France vakatevedzera temberi. Panhivi vari sandarara - paraskenii. Vakachengeta girl uye pachikuva michina. MuAtene, chikuru yemitambo yaiva yemitambo Dionysus.

Acropolis vomuAtene

Vamwe Zvivako vekare Greek mapurani anogona kuonekwa nhasi. Chimwe chezvinhu chinokosha hurongwa hwakawanda huripo, ari Acropolis vomuAtene. It iri Pyrgos gomo panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 156 metres. Pano ndivo Theater kuna Dionysus, temberi mwarikadzi Athena Parthenon, Sanctuary vaZeusi, Atemisi, Nike nezvimwe zvivako vakakurumbira.

Nokuti temberi ari Acropolis veAteni kunoratidzwa mubatanidzwa ose matatu warandi-hurongwa. Mubatanidzwa zvitaera ndipo Parthenon. Zvinonzi yakavakwa chimiro Doric peripetra, dzomunyika frieze iri Ionic manyorero.

In nechepakati pechifananidzo Athena akapoteredzwa pembiru. On the Acropolis akanzi enyika rinokosha. Kuonekwa kwake kwakanga kusimbisa hegemony muguta, uye Kuronga Parthenon akanga kuimba mukukunda hweruzhinji pamusoro revatongi murayiro.

Next guru uye vachivhaira pakuvaka Parthenon ndiye Erechtheion. It rwunokwanisa ravakwa Ionic muhurongwa. Kusiyana ake "muvakidzani", anoimba rumbidzo nyasha uye runako. Temberi yakatsaurirwa kuna vanamwari vaviri - kuna Poseidon uye Athena, uye iri nzvimbo apo, maererano nengano, ivo gakava zvakaitika.

Nokuda hunhu rokuyamura urongwa Erechtheion asymmetric. Rine zviviri nzvimbo - Zell uye vaviri napo. In kumaodzanyemba yetemberi iri paberere haritsigiri mbiru uye machena caryatides (munhukadzi yakanyungudutswa).

Uyewo, Acropolis Propylaea akachengetedzwa - huru mukova, takakombwa mbiru uye porticos, mativi yaiva muzinda uye paki yakaoma. The chikomo anewo Arrephorion - imba kuvasikana, kugadzira hembe nokuti Athens Games.