Iron Age. yekare kare

vachiri siya vatsvakurudzi zhinji yakavanzwa zvakavanzika munhoroondo yenyika, uye tariro kuziva chinhu chitsva muna nezvaanoziva. Inonakidza uye kujairika ruzha nguva paunoona kuti kamwe pamusoro chete chikonzero tiri kufamba nhasi pamusoro izvo, dinosaurs akararama, vakarwa Knights misasa vekare vanhu. Nhoroondo World chinoumba periodization anorasira pfungwa mbiri dziri akakodzera kuti kukura rwevanhu - mashoko nokuda kugadzirwa zvishandiso mukugadzira rwokugadzira. Maererano nenheyo iyi, pfungwa kuti "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", ne "simbi" zera. Mumwe nomumwe izvi periodization raiva danho kukura vanhu, mumwe ose shanduka uye ruzivo nezvaanogona dzevanhu. Chokwadi, kuti akanga asina zvachose kungogara nguva munhau. Sezvo mambakwedza akare, uye kusvikira nhasi pane dzose updating zivo uye kukura nzira itsva hwokubereka anobatsira zvinhu.

Nhoroondo World uye yokutanga nguva kudanana nzira

Science simbi mudziyo kuti kufambidzana nguva zvikamu. Zvikurukuru, tinogona kuderedza radiocarbon kudanana kubva Geological, dendrochronology. Kukurumidza kukura munhu wekare akabvumira kuvandudza huripo ruzivo. About 5000 apfuura, parakatanga tsamba nguva iri munhoroondo yevanhu, zvimwe prerequisites kufambidzana nomumwe munhu, iro kwaibva kuvapo zvakasiyana siyana inoti uye mararamiro. Tentatively tenda kuti nguva voga womunhu kubva pamhuka nyika yakatanga anenge mamiriyoni maviri apfuura, kusvikira kuwa Western hweRoma, kwakaitika muna 476 AD, nguva akaenda Antiquities. Asati pakutanga Renaissance aiva Middle Ages. Kusvikira pakuguma World War First yakatora panguva New nyaya, uye zvino ndiyo nguva yokuti Newest. Historians dzakasiyana akaisa "chinobata" kwavo waverenga reference, Somuenzaniso, Herodotus akapa ngwariro chaiyo pakurwisa Asia uye Europe. Masayendisiti Papera nguva kwainzi chiitiko chikuru kukura yebudiriro mvumo yeRoma Republic. Vakawanda dzekare kubvumirana mafungiro avo kuti Iron Age tsika uye nounyanzvi zvinokosha zvikuru zvakanga zvisina, sezvo pakutanga akauya nhumbi dzokurwa uye basa.

MARARAMIRO simbi yaitonga

In prehistory akasimbisa ibwe zera kuitika kuti Paleolithic, Mesolithic uye neolithic. Imwe neimwe nguva kwakaratidzwa kukura murume uye zvakagadzirwa ake pakurapa ibwe. Pakutanga, pfuti dzakawanda kwakapararira ruoko-demo. Gare gare, paiva zvinhu amabwe maturusi, kwete yose nodule. Panguva iyi, kukura moto, pakusikwa nguo wokutanga akaita kwematehwe, okutanga ezvitendero zviduku uye uvandudze pokugara. Panguva Semi-anongofamba munhu uye kuvhima mhuka huru 'upenyu zvinoda zvakawanda uye nani zvombo. Chimwe Danho kukura ruzivo pamusoro kubudiswa mabwe dzakawira kwezana kwemireniyumu uye kuguma Stone Age, apo kupararira zvokurima uye mhuka minda, pane zvedongo kugadzirwa. Munguva zvesimbi nemhangura kushandiswa kwayo kugadzira. Pakutanga Iron Age wakaisa rimwe nechemberi oparesheni yeramangwana. Kudzidza ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi kuramba kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa dzendarira ayo kufambiswa. Age amabwe, ndarira, simbi - chinhu zvinopindirana muitiro okukura kwevanhu, kwakavakirwa vakawanda fambisa vanhu.

Actual kwazvinoita ya panguva

Distribution resimbi zvinoreva chinyakare uye mangwanani kirasi nhoroondo yevanhu. The maitiro zviri nguva ndiyo nezvemaitiro bhizimisi uye kugadzirwa kwezvombo. Kunyange munyika yekare iumbe Pfungwa kupatsanura enguva maererano acho. Early Iron Age akadzidza uye uchidzidza, masayendisiti muminda siyana. In Western Europe, voluminous zvinyorwa vakasunungurwa
Gornesom, Montelius, Tischler, Reinecke, Kostshevskim, etc ... In Eastern Europe kuMudzidzisi mabhuku, monographs uye mepu iri nhoroondo nyika yekare yakabereka Gorodtsov, Spitsin, Gautier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. Kazhinji vaiona kupararira simbi cho tsika chinyakare madzinza vaigara kunze yebudiriro. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose munyika panguva akapona Iron Age. The Bronze Age iri nyaya yaiva chinodiwa. Haana kudzivirira nguva imwe yakadaro yakakura munhau. Maererano nemaitikiro, Resimbi Age nguva kunotora 9th kuti 7th remakore BC. Panguva ino, vakawanda marudzi Europe uye Asia achasundira kukudziridza ayo simbi simbi pachavo. Sezvo simbi ichi chinoramba rinokosha kugadzirwa zvinhu, uye chipo chikamu ichi remakore.

Culture nguva

Development of kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa iron zvikuru zvine musoro kwakakonzera mazuvaano mutsika uye evanhu upenyu. Pane ezvoupfumi dzokushanda ukama uye disintegration pakati dzokumaruwa mararamiro. Nhoroondo yekare anoti kuwanda tsika, kuwedzera mari kusaruramisira uye kupanana mapato mose. Rinoparadzirwa masvingo, vakatanga paumbwe nzanga mukirasi uye hurumende. More mari kune pachake vashomanana, paiva uranda uye stratification kwenzanga vafambira mberi.

Sezvo makore simbi kuva muna USSR?

Panoperera mumireniyamu yechipiri BC pamusoro munharaunda Union akazviratidza simbi. Rinonyanya nzvimbo ekare kuitika zvinogona kucherechedzwa yokumadokero Georgia uye South eCaucasus. Early Iron Age Zvivako anochengetwa kumaodzanyemba European chikamu USSR. Asi vakawanda kukurumbira simbi akamuka muno Muchiuru chemakore chokutanga BC, sezvo kupupurirwa vanoverengeka matongo zvinoratidza kubva Bronze Age kuCaucasus, tsika ipfungwa iri North Caucasus neGungwa Black, uye vamwe. In kuita kupikidura ari muSitiya nemisha akawanikwa kunokosha Zvivako chepakuvamba Iron Age. Anowana ravakwa kugarwa Kamenka pedo Nikopol.

History nezvinhu muna Kazakhstan

Kare, kuti Iron Age iri huviri nguva. Ichi chinhu mangwanani, kubvira rechi8 kusvika 3rd remakore BC, uye gare gare, kubvira 3 remakore BC kusvika 6 remakore AD. nyika imwe neimwe ine nhoroondo yacho panguva kupararira resimbi, asi zviri izvi zviri zvikuru novimba nharaunda. Nokudaro, Iron Age iri munharaunda Kazakhstan aizivikanwa kuitika munzvimbo huru nhatu. In Southern Kazakhstan zvakajairika mombe uye unodiridzwa kurima. Mamiriro ekunze Western Kazakhstan aisatarisira basa mune zvokurima. Zvino North, East uye Central Kazakhstan yaigarwa nevanhu, dzakashandisa noutsinye chando. Izvi kumatunhu matatu, zvikuru akasiyana panyaya dzokugara, akava hwaro kwezvisikwa vatatu Kazakh zhuzes. Southern Kazakhstan rava nzvimbo dzidzo Elder Juz. North Wepasi, East uye Central Kazakhstan akava zororo kuMiddle Juz. West Kazakhstan ndiye Junior Horde.

The Iron Age muCentral Kazakhstan

Zvisingaperi steppes Central Asia vagara kuva nzvimbo runochengeta yavapenyu. Pano, kare chinomiririrwa kuvigwa pazvikomo, zviri zvikuru Zvivako zviri Iron Age. Zvikurukuru zvakafanana pazvikomo ane mazita kana "ndebvu" munharaunda, mabasa, maererano masayendisiti, kuti bhikoni uye nekambasi mashandiro ari inowanzorimwa. It Akakwezva dzekare tasmolinskaya tsika, saka zita nokuti nzvimbo iri Pavlodar nharaunda, izvo akanyora Zvakafukunurwa womunhu uye bhiza wokutanga zvikuru nezviduku murwi. Vanochera matongo tenda Kazakhstan pazvikomo tasmolinskoy nemagariro Zvivako zvikuru zvinowanzovapo vokutanga Iron Age.

Zvinoumba tsika Northern Kazakhstan

nharaunda iyi inozivikanwa nokuvapo mombe. Kwataigara kubva basa kurima vakatamira kune akagadzikana uye runochengeta mararamiro. Tasmolinskaya tsika uye airemekedzwa munharaunda iyi. Pfungwa vaongorori chepakuvamba Iron Age Zvivako anokwezva pazvikomo Birlik Alypkash, Bekteniz uye zvitatu nemisha: Karlyga, Bork uye Kenotkel. Kurudyi norwizi Yesil akaramba achisimbisa Early Iron Age. Development pano akagashira unyanzvi simbi uye kubudiswa nonferrous simbi. Kugadzirwa simbi zvigadzirwa vakanga zvifambiswe kuna Eastern Europe uye Caucasus. Kazakhstan kwemazana emakore anoverengeka mberi vavakidzani vayo kukura simbi yekare uye saka rava mukurukuri pakati metallurgia nzvimbo munyika, Siberia uye Eastern Europe.

"Keepers endarama"

Rakaisvonaka pazvikomo muEast Kazakhstan achinyanya vaunganidza Shiliktinskoy Valley. Kune zvinopfuura makumi mashanu. kudzidza kupfuura pazvikomo yaiitwa muna 1960, unonzi goridhe. Dzakakwirira Monument mhando uyu Iron Age iri 8-9 remakore BC. Zaisan kudunhu East Kazakhstan anotibvumira kuongorora anopfuura mazana maviri guru kuvigwa pazvikomo, 50 vanonzi youmambo uye ingasanganisira goridhe. In Shiliktinskoy Valley ndiye dangwe panyika youshe makuva rechi8 remakore BC, muna Kazakhstan, rakanga rakazaruka Professor Toleubayeva. Pakati vanochera matongo ava kuwanikwa akakonzera ruzha chaizvo se "murume yendarama" rechitatu Kazakhstan. Akavigwa hembe yakashongedzwa 4325 goridhe Tang. The dzinonakidza zvikuru kuwana - a pentagonal nyeredzi pamwe lazuritnymi mwaranzi. Kwakadaro chinhu kunoratidza simba noukuru. Zvaiva zvimwe uchapupu hwokuti Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boralday - nzvimbo tsvene apo tsika, zvibayiro uye minyengetero.

Iron Age tsika muArabhu Early

Documentary uchapupu yekare tsika Kazakhstan havasi vazhinji. Kazhinji mashoko akawana kubva matongo nzvimbo uye Zvakafukunurwa. On the muArabhu zvakawanda zvakataurwa pamusoro rwiyo nokutamba. Tinofanira kutaura unyanzvi ari zvaAtemisi zvedongo midziyo uye mifananidzo kuti nembiya dzesirivha. Distribution iron mumba, uye kugadzirwa raiva riwedzere kuti kuvandudzika yokukosha kudziyisa hurongwa: chimbini, iyo yakatambarara vakaisa pamwe masvingo zvakaenzana kudziyirwa imba yose. The muArabhu tega yakawanda yenguva dzose zvinhu nhasi nokuda kwezvipfuwo kushandiswa uye kushandiswa munguva yehondo. Vauya pamwe unokutakwairirai, stirrups, mumwe Yurt uye curved Saber. Kudzivirira mabhiza simbi anoshongwa kunge yakatanga. Kuchengetedzwa chete murwi zvinopa simbi dzokurwa.

Kuita uye nguva yokutanga

The Iron Age ndiro yechitatu mumutsara nokuda ibwe uye nendarira. Asi ukoshi, hapana mubvunzo, ndiye wokutanga. To simbi ano chinoramba zvokunyama hwaro kwevanhu zvose zvavakaita. All Zvavakawana kukosha mumunda okuwana chokuita nokushandiswa kwayo. simbi iyi ane yepamusoro utsotso pfungwa achienzaniswa nemhangura. Kwakachena dzinongoitika simbi hakuwaniki, uye kuti vaite urongwa simbi esimbi kwakaoma chaizvo nokuti ayo refractoriness. simbi iyi yaiva mhaka pose kuchinja upenyu inowanzorimwa marudzi. Zvichienzaniswa yapfuura eras matongo Iron Age ndiyo, asi inonyatsobudirira. Pakutanga, vanhu vakadzidza meteoric simbi. Vamwe yepakutanga uye zvishongo vabvemo akawanikwa muIjipiti, Mesopotamia uye Asia Minor. Maererano nemaitikiro, zvinoera izvi zvinogona kunzi kune wokutanga hafu rechitatu chemakore BC. Mumireniyamu yechipiri BC simbi mhangura kubva kuwana zvigadzirwa yakazokudziridzwa, asi zvichiri chaizvo kwenguva refu simbi kwainzi malorasprostranonnym uye kudhura.

Kwakapararira kugadzirwa kwezvombo uye nezvombo simbi vakava aidaro muPalestine, muSiriya, Asia Minor, kuCaucasus uye India. Kugovera simbi iyi uye simbi wakatsamwisa hwokugadzira chimurenga kuti kunosvika simba murume pamusoro pezvisikwa. Zvino, nyore kubvisa nzvimbo huru sango kuti zvirimwa. Kutsvaka mazuvaano zvekushandisa uye kuvandudzika kuti kurimwa. Saizvozvowo, kurumidzai kudzidza rwokugadzira itsva, kunyanya mupfuri uye yezvombo. Regai kumira parutivi vanogadzira shangu akazvipinza Ezvemutauro nani. Dzakauya uye miners vakatanga kushanda zvakanyanya.

Nokupfupikisa migumisiro Iron Age, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti pakutanga yaitonga yedu vaitova kosi vose chikuru mhando ruoko maturusi (kunze screws uye chigero). Kuburikidza kushandiswa simbi pakuburitswa yava zvikuru nyore kuvaka migwagwa, rimwe danho akura muchiuto ano, uye ivowo akava simbi mari. Iron Age wakakurumidza vakakuvadza disintegration ari chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa, uye paumbwe nzanga mukirasi uye hurumende. Vakawanda munharaunda iyi vakanamatira anonzi uto hweruzhinji.

Possible nzira budiriro

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti meteoritic simbi iri diki zvakawanda kuripo asi muIjipiti, asi simbi kupararira yakaitwa zvinogoneka pakutanga simbi. Pakutanga, simbi yanyungudika chete kana kunodiwa. Saka, zvimedu zvesimbi inclusions akawanikwa muSiriya uye Iraq Zvivako kuti dzakavakwa hapana papera pane makore 2700 BC. Asi pashure remakore rechi11 BC, tenzi mupfuri Eastern Anatolia anozivikanwa sayenzi enderana kugadzirwa zvinhu zvesimbi. Zvakavanzika uye subtleties pamusoro sayenzi itsva dzakanga akavanzwa uye zvigopiwa kumarudzi namarudzi. The enhoroondo Zvakawanikwa wokutanga, achisimbisa kushandiswa kwakapararira pamusoro simbi nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zviridzwa, yakanyorwa muIsraeri, kureva kuGerari pedyo Gaza. Pane akawandisa mapadza, majeko uye openers esimbi kwakawanikwa kudanana kubva nguva gore 1200 BC. vaakawana Uyewo ari matongo nzvimbo yamavira.

Special simbi kugadzira michina ndezvaJehovha vatenzi kumadokero kweAsia, umo ivo akakwereta tenzi weGirisi, Italy uye navamwe Europe. British hwokugadzira chimurenga anogona kunzi kune nguva gore 700 BC, pamwe apo akatanga uye dzinokura chaizvo zvakanaka. Egypt uye North Africa vakaratidza kufarira kukura simbi panenge iyo mberi kutapurirana unyanzvi kurutivi rwezasi. Chinese nemhizha vakasiya anenge chose dzendarira, achisarudza Rakauya simbi. colonists European vakauya ruzivo rwavo simbi kubudiswa michina muAustralia uye World Itsva. Pashure nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa mvuto vakakanda simbi zvaizoparadzirwa pamusoro vakawanda pamwero. Kandira simbi rava chinhu chinokosha zvinhu pakuita mhando dzose zvemumba uye uto zvokushandisa, izvo zvakanga riwedzere kuti kukura zvibereko indasitiri.