Nemwaranzi dzakabatana. rakapinza nemwaranzi chipimo chikwata

Sezvo pakati rokupedzisira remakore, sainzi yasvika shoko idzva - nemwaranzi. Chichikosha akaita revolutionized pfungwa yefizikisi munyika uye kubvumirwa kurasa imwe Newtonian dzidziso uye kuti akashinga zvekungofungira nemamiriro zvakasikwa, ayo zvisikwa uye nzvimbo yedu mairi. Asi izvi zvose - nokuti nyanzvi. The townsfolk zvakare chete vanogomera kuedza chimedu pamwe ruzivo zvakasiyana yakadaro nezvenyaya iyi. Complicating kwacho ndechokuti ari nemwaranzi chikwata pane chaizvo chaizvo uye vari vose kodzero.

mazwi

Wokutanga rokuti, izvo zvinofanira kusangana - chokwadi, nemwaranzi. Saka akadana achine muitiro upi pafuma nezvimedu miniti, zvakadai maerekitironi, protons, neutrons, nehelium maatomu, uye vamwe. Zvichienderana mhando PARTICIPLE mwaranzi zvivako akasiyana mumwe. Womumwe yaiitwa kana iri kuora kupinda nyore zvinhu, mungava kwetunhu yavo.

Radiation chipimo chikwata - a kwakajairika pfungwa kuti anoratidza zvokutanga nezvimedu vangani asunungurwa kubva acho. Panguva iyoyo, wefizikisi inoshanda ne zvakasiyana dzakabatana nomwe, uye mubatanidzwa dzaro. Izvi zvinoita kuti kutsanangura pezvakaitwa siyana kuti kutora nzvimbo chete nyaya.

Radioactive kuora - zvemasanga yekupindurwa maumbirwo kusagadzikana nuclei kwemaatomu vachishandisa kusunungurwa microparticles.

Kuora chenguva - iri Statistical pfungwa, vachifanotaura kuti ndingangokuvara kukundikana atomu kuti imwe nguva.

The hafu-upenyu - imwe nguva penguva apo uchiora hafu uwandu fuma. Vamwe zvinhu izvozvo kuverengerwa mumaminitsi, apo vamwe - kwemakore uye kunyange emakore.

Chii akayera nemwaranzi

Vamapoka nemwaranzi chipimo - kwete chete ndivo kuti inoshandiswa kuongorora ehupfumi ose radioactive zvinhu. Also kushandiswa vari tsika yakadai:
- Activity nemwaranzi mabviro;
- nekubudisa arambe achirema (nhamba ionizing nezvimedu por chikwata nharaunda).

Uyezve, pane musiyano pakati rondedzero migumisiro nemwaranzi achirarama uye asiri mupenyu zvinhu. Saka, kana zvisina upenyu fuma, zvinoshanda kwachiri pfungwa:

- the takabatikana dose;
- ekisiposha dose.

Kana nemwaranzi zvainoita mupenyu rinenge zvinotevera mazwi anoshandiswa:

- noenderana dose;
- inoshanda nerokuti dose;
- dose zvazvingava.

nemwaranzi anokwana zviyero vari, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, kwakajairika Numeric tsika akatorwa nemasayendisiti kuti zviite Masvomhu uye kuvaka hypotheses uye zvokufungidzira. Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero nei pasina chakajairika kuroorwa chairema yakayerwa.

Curie

Mumwe mwaranzi zviumbu chinhu Curie. It hairevi (Hazvisi kuna SI maitiro) hurongwa hwako. MuRussia, rinoshandiswa mune wefizikisi yenyukireya uye mishonga. Active fuma richafanana Curie imwe yechipiri kana rwaizoitika 3,7 milliardov radioactive decays. Ndiko kutaura kuti mumwe Curie yakaenzana becquerels mabhiriyoni matatu namazana miriyoni.

nhamba iyi yakanga nokuti kuti Mariya Kyuri (uyo chakaunzwa nesayenzi izwi) yaiitisa kuedza avo Radium uye akatora sepokutangira kwayo mwero kuora. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, yefizikisi dzakasarudza kuti nhamba kukosha chikwata ichi nani kuomerera mumwe - becquerel. Zvinokwanisika kudzivisa zvimwe zvikanganiso zviri masvomhu.

Kuwedzera CI, unogona vanowanzoona multiples kana submultiples, yakadai se:
- megacuries (akaenzana 3,7 kuti dhigirii becquerels 10 kusvika 16);
- kilocurie (zviuru 3.7 billion becquerels);
- mc (mamiriyoni 37 becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

With chikwata ichi chinogona kutaurwa vhoriyamu, pose, kana kuti yakananga basa fuma.

Becquerel

Unit mishonga nemwaranzi Becquerel ndiye systemic uye zvirimo International dzakabatana (SI) hurongwa. Zviri nyore chaizvo, nokuti nemwaranzi basa rimwe becquerel zvinoreva kuti fuma pane kuora radioactive mumwe chete pasekondi yoga yoga.

Yakasvika zita rayo vachikudza Antuana Anri Becquerel, yefizikisi French. The zita akabvumirwa pakupera rokupedzisira remakore uye richiri kushandiswa nanhasi. Sezvo iri zvakanaka duku Unit, rinoshandiswa kureva basa grade prefixes: churu, milli, micro, uye vamwe.

Munguva ichangopfuura, pamwe Becquerel vakashandiswa Common dzakabatana akadai CI Rd. Rutherford vakaenzana becquerels miriyoni imwe. In rondedzero unorema kana pamusoro basa anogona kuwanikwa mazita Becquerel paminiti kilogram Becquerel paminiti mita (mativi kana cubic) uye nomukaka siyana ayo.

Ekisireyi

Unit nechiyero X-ray nemwaranzi, zvakare, haisi hurongwa, kunyange zvazvo rinoshandiswa zvikuru kureva dzokupisa dose vakagamuchira wegamma nemwaranzi. Mumwe X-ray chinhu nemwaranzi dose pane mumwe cubic sendimita mhepo pa mureza mumhepo kumanikidzwa uye razero tembiricha rine nokuchengeta 3,3 * (10 * -10). Izvi akaenzana mamiriyoni maviri yegwara ions.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti maererano mitemo Russian, vakawanda vasiri SI zviumbu hakubvumidzwi kushandisa maekisirei akashandiswa kupenda dosimeters. Asi vachava nokukurumidza kumborega kushandiswa, sezvo akanga zvakawanda anoshanda rekodhi uye overenga vose wachena uye sievert.

fara

rad Unit nemwaranzi riri kunze SI maitiro uye zvinotipa uwandu nemwaranzi kwakadaro, umo mumwe giremu pamusoro fuma iri inoparadzirwa joules miriyoni imwe simba. Ndicho chimwe kufadzwa - zviri 0.01 gst boces chete kilogram kwenyaya.

A zvinhu izvo absorbs simba vangava chipenyu rinenge nezvimwe Organic uye inorganic zvinhu uye nenhumbi: ivhu, mvura, mhepo. Sezvo yakazvimirira chikwata rad wakatangwa muna 1953 uye Russia anekodzero kushandiswa wefizikisi uye mushonga.

pfumbu

Ndiyo imwe chairema nokuyerwa nemwaranzi pamwero, izvo kuzivikanwa International System vezvikwata. Zvinoratidza woga dose nemwaranzi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nefuma anenge agamuchira dose mumwe kuchena, kana kuti simba riri chakasvitswa kuti mwaranzi, akaenzana gst boces imwe kilogram.

chikwata ichi vakagamuchira zita raro kukudzwa Chirungu musayendisiti Lewis Gray, uye akanga pamutemo nezvevanakomana nesayenzi muna 1975. Maererano nemitemo, zita chikwata zvizere Rinopereterwa ane tsamba lowercase, asi ayo chidimbu - chakakura. Imwe pfumbu akaenzana zana Radama. Kunze nyore anokwana zviyero, Science vanoshandisa kunyange multiples uye Sub-multiples neShanduro dzavo zvakadai kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, uye nezvimwe microg.

Sievert

Unit sievert nemwaranzi rinoshandiswa kureva noenderana uye inobudirira mishonga nemwaranzi uye mune SI sezvo vhudzi uye Bq. Richishandiswa sayenzi kubva 1978. Imwe Sv akaenzana simba anenge akazara kilogram rinenge nokudziya pashure nokufumura wegamma mwaranzi. Zita chikwata rake ainzi pashure Rolf Sievert, musayendisiti kubva Sweden.

Maererano nerondedzero, Sievert uye Grays vari, ndizvo zvakafanana uye woga dose ndiwo akaenzana. Asi musiyano pakati pavo uchiripo. Pakusarudza zvakafanana dose zvakafanira kufunga kwete chete uwandu asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo yacho mwaranzi, akadai wavelength, amplitude, uye iyo inoramba inomiririra nayo. Saka nhamba kukosha woga dose nemwaranzi zvikawanda ne unhu chinhu.

Somuenzaniso, mamwe mamiriro ose ari vakaenzana, nezvaizoitwa Absorção de Água yeAlpha nezvimedu zvichava makumi nguva kupfuura chete dose kuti wegamma mwaranzi. Uyezve, zvinyama chinhu anofanira kunzi, izvo zvinoratidza kuti mitumbi sei nemwaranzi. Saka, zvakafanana dose inoshandiswa radiobiology uye inobudirira - muna Occupational Health (kuti normalize kuti mwaranzi chokupfeka).

rezuva chenguva

Pane dzidziso kuti upenyu pasi redu kwave kuonekwa sezvo zuva nemwaranzi. Vamapoka nokuyerwa nemwaranzi kubva nyeredzi - yesimba uye watts or rms muzana chikwata nguva. Saka kwakasarudzwa, nekuti pamwero mukuru mwaranzi kubva zuva iri pakutsvaga uwandu kupisa iro zvinoberekwa zvinhu, uye kunyatsoita izvo zvinonzi yawapihwa. Totaura Pasi chete nehafu millionth pakati yaipedzerwa chaibwinya simba.

Radiation kubva nyeredzi iri akaparadzirwa muchadenga kumhanya chiedza kwedu mumhepo Zvinovhiringidza muchimiro nemwaranzi. The chakarondedzera nemwaranzi iri rakafara chaizvo - kubva "chena ruzha", kureva redhiyo mafungu kuti X-ray. Nezvimedu iyo vachawa pamwe nemwaranzi - vari protons, asi dzimwe nguva maerekitironi inogona (kana kusunungurwa simba zvikuru).

The nemwaranzi kubva kuzuva, ndiye uchityaira simba kurarama zvose pezvakaitwa panyika. Huwandu simba tichigamuchira kunoenderana nenguva yegore, zvatinopiwa kwenyeredzi dziri mudenga uye pachena zvomumhepo.

nemwaranzi nezvainoita zvipenyu

Kana zvakakura unhu hwavo zvinyama irradiated nezvirwere zvakasiyana nemwaranzi (mu chete dose uye kuchinyanya) mupenyu, ipapo migumisiro achange akasiyana. Saka, kuona migumisiro chete zvishoma kunyura kana dzokupisa dose, zvose nyaya zvinhu zvisina upenyu. Vakamira panzvimbo chairema ionizing mwaranzi, akadai Grays uye Sieverts rems, izvo zvinoratidza kuti noenderana dose nemwaranzi.

Akadana noenderana dose yokuita zvinoitwa zvinyama mupenyu, uye kane Zvimiso (tabular) reshiyo iyo inorangarira sei nengozi rwakati nemwaranzi. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kuyera izvozvo sievert. Imwe sievert akaenzana zana beram. The yakakura reshiyo ukuwo, nemwaranzi ngozi. Saka, nokuti photons ndiyo - chikwata, uye nokuda neutrons uye Arifa nezvimedu - maviri.

Sezvo paChernobyl tsaona kuRussia uye dzimwe Kishi nyika kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo padanho nemwaranzi yokuwana pamusoro murume. Noenderana dose kubva dzinongoitika manyuko nemwaranzi haafaniri kupfuudza millisieverts mashanu pagore.

Action zviri radionuclides pamusoro asiri mupenyu zvinhu

Radioactive nezvimedu kutakura mutariri simba kuti ibudise nefuma, kana atarisana nayo. Zvino mamwe mashoko PARTICIPLE unobatwa nenzira yavo imwe mari nefuma, zvikuru zvichaita kuwana simba. Huwandu yayo kuongororwa mune mishonga.

1. Kunyura dose - ndiyo chitsama nemwaranzi yakagamuchirwa nokuzivikanwa fuma. Akayera mu Grays. ukoshi Izvi hazvirevi chikonzero ndechokuti matambudziko emhando dzakasiyana nemwaranzi panyaya yakasiyana.
2. Kuonana dose - ndiye woga dose, asi ukuru ionization dzakasiyana zvinhu pakuona radioactive inoramba. Akayera mu coulombs por kilogram, kana X-ray.