Intelligence: IQ pamusoro IQ nemiedzo

Pfungwa yokuti 'uchenjeri factor "akatanga German wepfungwa Uilyam Shtern. Akashandisa IQ sechinhu Acronym nokuda rokuti Intelligenz-Quotient - IQ. IQ aiva mamakisi yakawanikwa pachishandiswa dzinoverengeka kwezvipimo miedzo ichiitwa pasi pokudzora wepfungwa kuti kuona padanho yenjere.

Mapiyona njere tsvakurudzo

Pakutanga, vanachiremba chokwadi kuti pfungwa dzevanhu zvinogona, zvikuru zvakarurama akayera. Nepo kufarira kuyera njere zvatova nezviuru zvemakore, wokutanga IQ bvunzo akazviratidza achangobva. Muna 1904, hurumende yeFrance akabvunza wepfungwa Alfred Binet kubatsira kuona izvo vadzidzi vanogona nezvinetso kuchikoro. Kudikanwa ndisimbise chikoro ungwaru ikoko, vose vaigona kuwana dzidzo zvairayirwa chepuraimari. Binet akabvunza wandaiziva Theodore Simon kumubatsira kuumba bvunzo kuti dai yaitaura dzinoshanda nyaya: ndangariro, kutarisirwa uye matambudziko - zvinhu vana havafaniri kudzidza kuchikoro. Vamwe vanobvuma kuti zvikuru kunzwisisa nyaya pane zera ravo boka, uye naizvozvo, kunobva observational data, pakanga zvino dzekare pfungwa kwepfungwa zera. Mubayiro basa vanachiremba - rapanzvimbo Binet - Simon - rekutanga kwezvipimo IQ-bvunzo.

Pakazosvika 1916, wepfungwa pa Stanford University Lyuis Terman akachinja pamwero Binet - Simon okushandisa muUnited States. The dzakachinjwa bvunzo unonzi "Intelligence Scale Stanford - Binet," uye nokuda emakore yazova mwero nomuedzo yenjere yokuedzwa muUnited States. The Stanford - Binet kumiririra mumwe zvabuda, shandisa nhamba, anozivikanwa somunhu IQ - njere quotient.

How kuverenga pfungwa?

Pakutanga IQ pakutsvaga kugovera pfungwa makore munhu kuti bvunzo, rake anotevedzana zera nokuwanza ari quotient kubudikidza 100. Zviri pachena kuti hunoshanda (kana zvakanaka) chete vana. Somuenzaniso, mwana mupfungwa makore 13.2 uye nenguva makore 10 ane 132 IQ uye ane kodzero kubatana Mensa (13.2 ÷ 10 x 100 = 132).

Panguva World War First, nemiedzo inoverengeka kuti kusarudzwa vatsva yakagadzirwa muUnited States Army, yakakodzera nokuti mifananidzo chaiyo basa. Army bvunzo "Arufa" zvakanyorwa, uye "Beta" Waiitwa vasina vaiendeswa.

Izvi nezvimwewo IQ miedzo anoshandiswawo kuongorora itsva vakatamira Pavakasvika muUnited States chete Ellis Island. zvabuda dzavo akashandiswa azoshandiswa kunanga dzenhema pamusoro "zvinoshamisa yakaderera njere" kutamira kubva kumaodzanyemba kweEurope uye vaJudha. zvabuda izvi muna 1920 kwakaita kuti vaitaura "rudzi chakaita" wepfungwa Goddard nevamwe Congress kuti zvehurumende immigration. Pasinei nokuti miedzo yaiitwa chete Chirungu, asi ruzhinji vatama havanzwisisi izvozvo, United States hurumende atora zviuru zvizhinji zvevanhu vakanaka vave akanzi se "kukodzera" kana "kunaka". Zvino zvakaitika gumi pamberi Nazi Germany yakatanga kutaura eugenics.

Wepfungwa Devid Veksler akanga asingafari, yake pfungwa, dzisina miedzo Stanford - Binet. Chikuru Chikonzero ichi chaiva chete mamakisi, kusimbisa rake nguva muganhu, uye kuti bvunzo yakagadzirwa zvakananga vana, uye naizvozvo haana akakodzera vakuru. Somugumisiro, panguva 1930s, Wexler kwakasimbiswa bvunzo idzva, rakanga seshanduro Wechsler Intelligence Scale - Bellevue. Zvadaro, muedzo yacho yakagadziridzwa uye pakuzivikanwa se Wechsler Intelligence Scale kuti vakuru, kana WAIS. Panzvimbo imwe kunopindirana kupima, bvunzo kusika chinhu zvizere pamusoro uye zvaasingagoni rebvunzo. Mumwe mukana nzira ichi ndechokuti zvakare muupenyu kunopa mashoko anobatsira. Somuenzaniso, mukuru yakawanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye pasi nevamwe anoratidza pamberi dzakananga urema kudzidza.

WAIS aiva ndiedze kwepfungwa Roberta Vekslera wokutanga, uye WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale Vana) uye Wechsler Intelligence Scale Preschool (WPPSI) yakagadzirwa gare gare. Adult shanduro Kubvira kare rakadzokororwa katatu: WAIS-R (1981), WAIS III (1997) uye muna 2008 WAIS-IV.

Kusiyana miedzo kwakavakirwa anotevedzana zera uye pfungwa chikero uye zvinodiwa, sezvinowanzoita pamwe Stanford - Binet, shanduro dzose WAIS vari dzaona nokuenzanisa migumisiro bvunzo vanhu vane mashoko nemamwe vanotongwa vezera boka. Average IQ (munyika) riri 100 pfungwa pamwe 2/3 kunoguma "kuipa" zvinobva 85 kusvika 115. The WAIS dzemunharaunda vava mureza kuedza IQ, uye saka anoshandisa Eysenck bvunzo uye Stanford - Binet, asi kuti mwero kutsauka hakusi 15, uye 16. The bvunzo Cattell kutsauka ndiyo 23.8 - kazhinji anopa kumeso chaizvo IQ, izvo zvinogona kupinda vasingazivi vanhu kurasika.

High IQ - mukuru njere?

IQ chipo tsunga kushandisa dzakananga nemiedzo iyo vanopa muzvizhinji kuti vanachiremba anobatsira mashoko. Vazhinji vavo vane avhareji mamakisi pana pachiyero 145-150, uye zvakazara siyana - pakati 120 uye 190. Panguva 120 pakuongororwa pazasi haana kuitirwa, uye vanopfuura 190 pfungwa Zvakaoma chaizvo kuti interpolate, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita.

Paul Kooijmans Netherlands vaiona muvambi IQ-Muedzo rokumusoro siyana, uye ndiye musiki kupfuura vokutanga uye ikozvino chaiwo muedzo uyu mhando. Naiyewo nheyo uye chinotarisirwa ne kambani nakisa yakakwirira IQ:. «Glia", "Giga" uye "Holy Grail" Rinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye nevakawanda bvunzo Kooijmans - ". Akawanda-yakasarurwa bvunzo Kooijmans" "Muedzo shasha", "Nemesis Test" uye Hupo, simba uye kupindura Paula kunokosha, zviri chinokosha mweya ultrahigh IQ nemiedzo uye munharaunda yose. Other klassiske Guru anoedza yakakwirira njere - Ron Hoeflin Robert Lato, Loran Dyubua, Mislav Predavets uye Dzhonaton Uay.

Pane mhando dzakasiyana mafungiro, iyo anozviratidza zvakasiyana panguva yakasiyana siyana. Vanhu vane unyanzvi hwakasiyana uye nhanho njere: chemashoko, mureza, spatial, Conceptual, akarongeka. Asi panewo akasiyana nzira rokuratidzwa - the akanyatsorongwa, lateral, convergent, Linear, yakashatiswa mumufambiro, uye kunyange kufemera uye shasha.

Standard uye yakakwirira IQ bvunzo kunoratidza vakawanda chinoita yenjere; asi miedzo mukuru-sandara, zvikaonekwa munzira dzakasiyana-siyana.

Kazhinji vanotaura pamusoro soro IQ hwakawanda, makatumidzwa IQ geniuses, asi kuti chaizvoizvo vanomirira nhamba idzi uye sei vanounganidza vakakwira? Chii IQ zvibodzwa chiratidzo shasha?

• High IQ - iri chero mamakisi kumusoro 140.
• Genius IQ - vanopfuura 160.
• The shasha huru - rating vakaenzana kana anopfuura 200 pfungwa.

High IQ wakabatana kubudirira kuchikoro zvakananga, asi kana ane kukanganisa kubudirira muupenyu zvavo? How shasha luckier vanhu hwakaderera IQ? Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti, zvichienzaniswa nevamwe zvinhu, kusanganisira pfungwa, IQ ane zvishoma kukosha.

A kuparara IQ hwakawanda

Saka, sei chaizvo vari zvichishandurwa IQ hwakawanda? Average IQ-bvunzo mamakisi 100. 68% of migumisiro IQ-bvunzo chikawira mukati mureza yakatsauka kubva Zvichakadaro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti IQ vanhu vakawanda riri pakati 85 uye 115.

• Kusvikira 24 pfungwa: zvikuru dementia.
• 25-39 pfungwa: zvakakomba mupfungwa urema.
• 40-54 pfungwa: mwero dementia.
• 55-69 pfungwa: nyoro mupfungwa urema.
• 70-84 pfungwa: pamuganhu chirwere chepfungwa.
• 85-114 pfungwa: avhareji njere.
• 115-129 pfungwa: kupfuura avhareji.
• 130-144 pfungwa: mwero tarenda.
• 145-159 pfungwa: kumusoro tarenda.
• 160-179 pfungwa: chaizvo chipo.
• kupfuura 179 pfungwa: yakadzika tarenda.

Chii IQ?

Kana vanhu kutaura njere nemiedzo, IQ vanonzi "pfungwa giftedness." Chii chavanoita anomirirei kunyatsoongorora IQ? Kuti tinzwisise izvi, zvakakosha kutanga kunzwisisa bvunzo yose.

miedzo yanhasi kuziva coefficient yenjere Anonyanyowanika inobva bvunzo yepakutanga yakatanga mukutanga 1900s parutivi kwepfungwa French Alfred Binet kuziva vadzidzi vanoda imwe rubatsiro.

Zvichienderana zvavo tsvakurudzo Binet akakurukura pfungwa kwepfungwa zera. Vana vamwe zera mapoka kukurumidza kupindura mibvunzo kuti kazhinji akapa mhinduro vana vakura - vavo mukuru mupfungwa zera zviitiko zvacho. Binet IQ chipimo inobva paavhareji nemano vana rimwe zera boka.

IQ-miedzo akagadzirirwa kuyera munhu anogona kugadzirisa matambudziko uye chikonzero. Maonero yenjere quotient chiyero Mobile uye chaicho njere. Pfungwa dzinoratidza sei muedzo zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vanhu munguva ino boka zvakanga akapfuura.

anonzwisisa IQ

Kugovera IQ inofungidzirwa anopindura Krivoy Bella - bhero-munyonga yepamusoro izvo rinoenderana Nhamba huru pakuongororwa. The bhero iri ipapo kutura kurutivi rumwe norumwe - rumwe rutivi hwakawanda vari pazasi paavhareji, uye pamusoro mumwe - yepamusorosoro.

Paavhareji ukoshi Saka vakaenzana paavhareji mamakisi, akaverenga nokuwedzera zvose migumisiro uye akaparadzanisa maererano uwandu pfungwa.

Standard kutsauka chiyero variability ari vemo. A pasi mureza kutsauka zvinoratidza kuti vakawanda mashoko pfungwa dziri pedyo chaizvo zvakafanana nokukosha. Mukuru mureza kutsauka kunoratidza kuti mashoko pfungwa kazhinji kubviswa Zvichakadaro. In kuedza IQ mureza kutsauka 15.

IQ kunowedzera

Mumwe chizvarwa IQ inowedzera. Fani iyi inonzi Flynn zvazviri, zita mushure aiongorora Jim Flynn. Kubvira 1930, apo kwezvipimo miedzo zviri zvikuru kushandiswa, vanotsvakurudza vakaona vachiwana uye kuwedzera bvunzo yakawanda mune Mutengo evanhu pasi pose. Flynn akataura kuti kuwedzera uku imhaka kuvandudzika mano edu kugadzirisa matambudziko, funga chinobatsira, uye kushandisa pfungwa.

Maererano Flynn, chizvarwa wokupedzisira vakaita ainyanya kongiri uye zvakananga zvinetso zvavo nokukurumidza kwezvakatipoteredza, sezvo vanhu ano vanofunga zvakawanda pamusoro husingaoneki uye tsvagai ezvinhu. Kwete izvozvo zvoga, asi kuti nzira kudzidzisa kwemakore 75 apfuura achinja zvikuru, uye vanhu vakawanda kuroorana, sezvinoita mutemo, mupfungwa basa.

Chii anoedza chiyero?

IQ nemiedzo vanoongorora pfungwa, spatial fungidziro, kutukana uye musoro mafungiro uye ziso mano. Havana aida kutsanangura zivo iri chaiyo nyaya munzvimbo, sokuedzwa kuti njere hachisi chinhu kuti chingadzidzwa kuitira kuvandudza chibozwa chako. Asi, miedzo iyi kuongorora kugona kushandisa pfungwa kugadzirisa matambudziko, kuziva mapatani uye nokukurumidza kuti kubatana pakati mashoko akasiyana.

Kunyange unogona kazhinji kunzwa kuti hunonyanya hunhu vakadai Albert Einstein uye Stiven Hoking, vane IQ, kuti 160 kana yakakwirira, kana zvimwe musarudzo wenyika vane zvakananga kuti IQ, nhamba dzakarurama inofungidzira. Kazhinji hapana uchapupu hwokuti izvi vanhu akakurumbira nokusingaperi apfuura kwezvipimo IQ-bvunzo uye zvikuru ndatengesa ahwo paruzhinji.

Nei avhareji mamakisi ari 100?

Psychometrician shandisa muitiro inozivikanwa Standardization, kuenzanisa uye kududzira zvinokosheswa pfungwa IQ. Izvi zviri kuitwa hwakaedzwa pamusoro mumiririri mharidzo uchishandisa zvabuda kuumba mureza kana nemwero kuenzanisa nomumwe wakatarwa. Sezvo avhareji mamakisi ari 100, nyanzvi anogona kukurumidza enzanisa mumwe mazano neavhareji kuziva kana voparadzwa mukati kwomuzvarirwo kuparadzira.

Kupatsanura hurongwa ingasiyana muparidzi mumwe, kunyange vakawanda vanowanzopedzisira kutevera chete hurongwa Mutengo. Somuenzaniso, musi rapanzvimbo Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test uye Stanford - Binet hwakawanda vari kuwanda 85-115 vanoonekwa kuti "paavhareji".

Chii chaizvo vaongorore miedzo?

Miedzo kuziva IQ zvakagadzirirwa kuti kuyera chaicho uchenjeri uye famba. Chaicho inosanganisira ruzivo uye unyanzvi vawana muupenyu hwavo hwose, uye pafoni - kukwanisa kufunga, kugadzirisa matambudziko uye musoro kushandisa mashoko.

Chinjwa njere anonzi akazvimirira rekudzidza achiverengera kutapudzwa vakura. Akapfupikisa nechokuita sezvo zvakananga kurovedzwa uye ruzivo uye kuramba vachiwedzera pamusoro nguva.

Test nokuti njere ari kuitiswa neZvapupu marezenisi vanachiremba. Pane mhando dzakasiyana miedzo, mazhinji inosanganisira zvinoverengeka subtests zvakagadzirirwa kuongorora unyanzvi akarongeka, mutauro unyanzvi, ndangariro, unyanzvi, pfungwa uye kumhanya mashoko kugadzira. zvabuda dzavo vari ipapo aibatanidza kuumba zvachose mamakisi pamusoro IQ.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kutaura pamusoro avhareji pasi uye IQ kuti shasha, rimwe chete bvunzo nenhanho njere haako. Nhasi vanoshandisa dzakasiyana-siyana nemiedzo, incl Stanford - .. Binet Intelligence Scale vakuru Wexler bvunzo Eysenck uye miedzo zvishande mano Woodcock - Johnson. Mumwe nomumwe wavo yakasiyana kuti uye sei kuongororwa, uye sei migumisiro vari zvichishandurwa.

Chii sechinhu pasi IQ?

The IQ, akaenzana kana kuvatumwa 70 points, anonzi pasi. Kare, kwakadaro coefficient yenjere kunoonekwa sechinhu chipimo chepfungwa retardation, njere urema hwake chinokosha zvishande vanotaura.

Nhasi, zvisinei, kuti IQ pachayo haina kushandiswa nechirwere ose rezvedzidzo urema. Asi, chokuratidza nechirwere yakaderera IQ uchapupu kuti izvi zvishande zvausingakwanisi yaiva makore 18 uye zvaisanganisira maviri kana kupfuura munzvimbo adaptive, akadai kukurukurirana uye okuzvibatsira.

About 2.2% yevanhu vose vane IQ mamakisi pazasi 70.

Saka zvinorevei - kuti avhareji IQ?

IQ pamwero kunogona kuva kwakanaka vakawanda chokukomborerwa kukwanisa kufunga uye kugadzirisa matambudziko, asi vanachiremba vakawanda vakafunga kuti miedzo usabudisa chokwadi chose.

Pakati zvinhu zvishoma kuti havagoni kuyerwa - unyanzvi hunoshanda uye matarenda. Munhu neavhareji IQ kunogona kuva muimbi mukuru, ane rokupenda, muimbi kana makanika. Wepfungwa Howard Gardner yakatanga dzidziso dzakawanda chavatumwa, zvakagadzirirwa kuzogadzirisa ainge ichi.

Mukuwedzera, vaongorori vakawana kuti IQ anogona kusanduka nenguva. Kudzidza kuyaruka vane ungwaru pakaputsika 4 Makore pakabereka zvabuda, tsika izvo zvakasiyana ne 20 points.

IQ nemiedzo uyewo havana chokuita kunyatsoongorora kuziva, uye sei tsime munhu anonzwisisa manzwiro uye muridzi wavo. Dzimwe nyanzvi, kusanganisira munyori Daniel Goleman kunoratidza kuti pfungwa (EQ) kungava chinotokosha kupfuura IQ. Vaongorori vakawana kuti zvechokwadi refu IQ kunogona kubatsira vanhu vari zvakawanda zvoupenyu, asi runovimbisa kubudirira muupenyu haadaro.

Saka vanonetseka kupotsa shasha haisi zvakakodzera, sezvo ruzhinji rwevanhu havasi geniuses. Kungofanana mukuru pamwero IQ hakurevi kubudirira, svikiro kana vakaderera IQ hakuvimbisi kukundikana kana mediocrity. Zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai basa rakaoma, kutsungirira, kutsungirira, uye nemaonerwo dzinokosha zvikamu dambanemazwi.