Maria Curie. Maria Sklodowska-Curie: Biography. Marie Curie University muLublin

Pakutanga kwekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Hondo Yenyika Yese Isati Yatanga, apo nguva yakanga ichifamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvishoma nezvishoma, madzimai aipfeka corsets, uye vakadzi vakanga vatoroora, vaifanira kuchengeta hukama (kuchengetedza imba uye kugara mumba), Curie Maria akapiwa mbiri mbiri dzeNobel: 1908 - mufizikiki, muna 1911 - mumakemiti. Akaita zvinhu zvakawanda pakutanga, asi, zvichikosha kupfuura zvimwe, ndeyekuti Maria akaita shanduko chaiye mukuziva kwevanhu. Vakadzi mushure maro vakashinga vakapinda musayenzi, vasingatyi kubva munharaunda yezvesayenzi, inosanganisira nenguva iyoyo yevarume, vachiseka mukutungamira kwavo. Marie Curie aiva munhu anoshamisa. Nyaya inowanikwa pasi apa ichakugutsikana neizvi.

Kubva

Mueiyology zita remukadzi uyu raiva Sklodowska. Baba vake, Vladislav Sklodovsky, vakapedza kudzidza munguva yake yeSt. Petersburg University. Akabva adzokera kuWarsaw kuti adzidzise masvomhu uye physics pane gymnasium. Mudzimai wake, Bronislava, akachengetedza imba yokugadzirira, umo vasikana-vechikoro vaidzidziswa. Akabatsira mumurume wake wose, aive anofarira zvikuru kuverenga. Pamwe chete, mhuri yacho yaiva nevana vashanu. Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Manya, sezvo zita rake raive muhuduku hwake) ndiye mudiki.

Warsaw childhood

Uhu hwake hwese hwaipfuura pasi nekukanganiswa kwamai. Bronislava akatambura nechirwere cheshuga. Akafa Maria paaiva nemakore gumi nemana chete. Kuda kuziva uye mano ekudzidza zvakanga zvakasiyana kune vose veSklodowski, uye Maniu yakanga isingakwanisi kubvisa kubva mubhuku. Baba vakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya sezvaaikwanisa kuda kuchidzidzira muvana vake. Chinhu choga chinogumbura mhuri ndicho chido chekudzidza muchiRussia. Mumufananidzo uri pamusoro - imba iyo Maria akaberekerwa uye akapedza huduku hwake. Zvino heino pano musamu.

Mamiriro ezvinhu muPoland

Poland panguva iyoyo yaiva chikamu cheMambo weRussia. Nokudaro, yose yemitambo yaiitwa nevakuru veRussia, avo vaiona zvose zvinyorwa mumutauro woumambo uhwu. Vana vakatofanirwa kuverenga minyengetero yeKaturike mumutauro weRussia, uye kwete mumutauro wavo wekuzvarwa, kwavakanyengetera uye vakataura kumba. Vladislav nekuda kweizvi zvinowanzogumbura. Mushure mezvose, dzimwe nguva mudzidzi, anokwanisa masvomhu, akagadzirisa mabasa akasiyana-siyana muchiPoland zvakasiyana, kamwe-kamwe "benzi" apo paidiwa kutendeukira kuRussia, iyo yaakanga asina nayo zvakanaka. Kubvira pauduku, achiona zvose izvi kunyadziswa, Maria zvose hupenyu hwake hwomunguva yemberi, zvakadaro, sevamwe vose vagari venyika vakabvamburwa panguva iyoyo muchikamu, vakange vari vanhu vane utsinye, uyewo nhengo yehana yePoland yechikwata chePolish.

Kunyengera kwehanzvadzi

Musikana akanga asiri nyore kukurira asina amai. Baba, nguva dzose vakabatikana mubasa, vachidzidzisa vanodzidzisa mumitambo yevashandi ... Manya aiva shamwari yaBronya, hanzvadzi yake. Vakabvumirana nevechiri kuyaruka kuti vachazofanira kudzidza zvakanyanya, mushure mokuguma kweimba yekurovedza. MuWarsaw, dzidzo yepamusoro yakanga isingakwanisi panguva iyoyo yevakadzi, saka vakarota veSerbonne. Urongwa uhwu hwakanga hwakadai: Hondo inotanga kutanga zvidzidzo zvake, sezvo yakwegura. Uye Manya achawana mari yemari yake. Apo paanodzidza kuva chiremba, Manya achatanga kudzidza pakarepo, uye hanzvadzi yake ichamubatsira iye sezvaanogona. Zvisinei, zvakazoitika kuti kurota kweParis kwaifanira kuchinjwa kwemakore anenge mashanu.

Shingaira sevamwe

Manya akasarudzwa governess kune imwe nzvimbo yePike, kune vana vemunda wepfuma wekumba. Vazhinji havana kuonga pfungwa yakajeka yemusikana uyu. Pane imwe nhanho vanomurega achiziva kuti aingova murombo muranda. MuShitchuky, musikana uyu aigara asina kunaka, asi akatambura nokuda kweBroni. Vose vakoma vakapedza kudzidza mujimini neyendarira yegoridhe. Hama Jozef (uyewo, zvichiitika, mutori wegoridhe) vakaenda kuWarsaw, vachinyora muhurumende yezvechiremba. Eria akagamuchirawo mishonga, asi iyo inonzi yaiva yakazvininipisa. Akasarudza kugara nababa vake, vachengete imba. Hanzvadzi yechina mumhuri yakafa achiri mwana amai vake vachiri vapenyu. Nenzira yakawanda, Vladislav aigona kunyanya kuzvikudza nevana vake vasara.

First lover

Vashanu vaiva nevashandi vaMaria. Akadzidzisa vaduku, asi Kazimierz, mwanakomana wedangwe, kazhinji aienda muzororo. Akataurira kurwendo rwakadaro rusingaoneki. Aive akazvimirira. Mukuwedzera, chii chakanga chisina kujairika kumusikana wenguva iyoyo, wakamhanya pazvikwata, akachengetedzwa zvakakwana nemakona, akadzidziswa nounyanzvi nevashandi uye akatasva mabhiza. Uye, sezvaakazoreurura kuna Kazimierz, aifarira zvikuru kunyora nhetembo, pamwe nekuverenga mabhuku pamasvomhu akaita semarondedzero ake.

Pakati pevechidiki vanhu mushure mechinguva paiva nemanzwiro epa platonic. Vakawanda vakazvidza chokwadi chokuti vabereki vanozvikudza zvemudiwa wavo vaisazomubvumira kuti afanane nechinangwa chake neanoenda. Kazimierz akauya kuzororo zhizha uye mazororo, uye nguva yose yaakamirira musangano. Asi zvino ndiyo nguva yekubva uye kuenda kuParis. Manya akabva paPike nemwoyo wakaremara - akagara muKazimierz yapfuura uye makore ekutanga e rudo.

Ipapo, apo Pierre Curie anoonekwa muhupenyu hweMaria ane makore 27 , iye achangobva kunzwisisa kuti achava murume wake akatendeka. Zvose zvichave zvakasiyana-siyana munyaya yake - pasina kurota kunotyisa uye kupenya kwemanzwiro. Kana kuti Maria angangokura?

Chigadzirwa muParis

Musikana wacho akasvika muna 1891 muFrance. Hondo nemurume wake, Kazimierz Dlussky, zvakare kushanda sechiremba, akatanga kumuchengeta. Zvisinei, Maria akazvipira (muParis akazotumidza zita rokuti Marie) akarwisana neizvi. Akazvitsvakira zvakakwana imba, uye akanyorawo muSenbonne, sangano rechisikigo. Marie anogara kuParis akagara muLatin Quarter. Makiraibhurari, laboratori uye yunivhesiti vakange vari munharaunda naye. Dlussky akabatsira hanzvadzi yahanzvadzi yake kutora zvinhu zvakaderera pane imwe motokari. Marie akanyatsoramba kugadzikana nemusikana chero upi zvake kuitira kuti atore pane imwe imba shoma - aida kuramba akasara uye akanyarara. Mari yaro yaive muna 1892 40 rubles, kana madhora zana pamwedzi, kureva kuti, 3 francs pazuva. Uye zvakanga zvakafanira kubhadharisa imba, zvipfeko, zvokudya, mabhuku, mabhuku uye mapurogiramu ku yunivhesiti ... Musikana akazvicheka muzvokudya. Uye sezvo aive akaoma zvikuru kubasa, akakurumidza kupera mukirasi. Mumwe waaidzidza naye akakurumidza kubvunza rubatsiro kune Dlusskys. Uye zvakare vakatora Marie kuti vauye kuitira kuti awane mari shoma yekugara uye adye zvakanaka.

Kuziva naPeter

Pane imwe nguva waaidzidza naye wekuMaria akamukoka kuti ashanyire imwe nyanzvi yekuzivikanwa inobva kuPoland. Zvino musikana wacho akatanga kuona munhu waaida kuti awane mukurumbira wenyika. Panguva iyoyo, musikana uyu aiva nemakore 27, uye Pierre - makore 35. Apo Marie akapinda muimba yekugadzira, akamira pakatarisana nebhokisi. Musikana uyu akaedza kuzviongorora, uye zuva rakamupofumadza. Saka Maria Sklodowska naPaul Curie vakasangana.

Pierre akanga akazvipira kusayenzi nemwoyo wake wose. Vabereki vakaedza kakawanda kuti vamuudze kumusikana, asi nguva dzose pasina - ivo vose vakaita sevasingafariri, benzi uye vashoma. Uye manheru iwayo, mushure mekutaura naMarius, akaziva kuti akanga awana interlocutor akaenzana. Panguva iyoyo, musikana akaita basa rakarayirwa neSosaiti Yekukurudzirwa kweNyika yeNyika, pane magnetic yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana esimbi. Marie akanga achangotanga kutsvakurudza mu laboratory yaLimpmann. Uye shure kwemafudzi e physicist nemakemikari aishanda muChikoro chePierre, pakanga pane iko kuongorora magnetism uye kunyange "Mutemo weCurie" waakawana. Vechidiki vaiva nechimwe chinhu chavaifanira kutaura nezvazvo. Pierre akanga akatakurwa naMarie kuti mangwanani-ngwanani akaenda kumunda kunotora maaisies ake kumudiwa wake.

Kuroora

Pierre naMarie vakanga vakaroorana musi waJuly 14, 1895, uye vakaenda kuAir-de-France. Ikoko vanoverenga, vakaenda kune motokari mabhasikoro, vakurukura nyaya dzezesayenzi. Pierre, kunyange kufadza mudzimai wake muduku, akatanga kudzidza chiPolish ...

Kufarira kufarira

Nenguva yekuzvarwa kwaIren, mwanasikana wavo wekutanga, murume waMarie akanga atomudzivirira kushandiswa kwake kwechiremba, uye mudzimai wake akapedza kudzidza kubva kuSybonne University, yekutanga pakubudiswa kwayo . Pakupera kwa1897, chidzidzo chemagnetism chakapedzwa, uye Curie Maria akatanga kutsvaga nhaurirano yenyaya yacho. Panguva ino, vakaroorana vakasangana naHenry Becquerel, a physicist. Akaona gore rakapera kuti michina yeuranium inokonzera mazaisai ayo anopinda mukati. Yakanga iri, kusiyana ne X-raire, mukati meimba ye uranium. Curie Maria, anofadzwa nechiitiko chinoshamisa, akasarudza kuidzidza. Pierre akadzoka basa rake kuitira kubatsira mudzimai wake.

Zvakatanga kuwanikwa uye mubayiro weNobel Prize

Pierre naMarius Curie muna 1898 vakazarura zvinhu zviviri zvitsva. Vokutanga vavo vakadana polonium (mukuremekedza kuberekwa kwaMaria, Poland), uye yechipiri-radium. Sezvo vasina kusiyanisa chero chinhu, havana kukwanisa kupa uchapupu hwehupo hwavo kumakemikari. Uye makore mana anotevera vakaroorana vakabvisa radium nepolonium kubva kuuranium ore. Pierre naMarius Curie vakashanda kubva mangwanani kusvika usiku mune imwe nzvimbo yakadururwa, yakazarurirwa nemirairo. Vakaroorana vakapisa vasati vaona dambudziko rekutsvakurudza. Zvisinei, vakasarudza kuramba vari ivo! Vakaroorana munaSeptember 1902 vakagamuchira 1/10 gm radium chloride. Asi havana kukwanisa kubvisa polonium - sezvazvakaitika, yakanga iri chibereko chekuora kwe radium. Kuchena uye bluish kupenya kwakabudisa radium munyu. Kufungisisa kwepasi rose kwakakwezva nechinhu ichi chinonakidza. Muna December 1903, Mubayiro weNobel muFizikiki wakapiwa kune vakaroorana mukubatana pamwe naBecquerel. Curie Marie ndiye mukadzi wokutanga kuigamuchira!

Kurasikirwa kwemurume

Wechipiri mwanasikana, Evha, akaberekerwa muna December 1904. Panguva iyoyo, mamiriro emari yemhuri akanga achinja zvikuru. Pierre akava purofesa wefizikiki paSonbonne, uye mudzimai wake akashanda nemurume wake semukuru we laboratory. Chiitiko chinotyisa chakaitika munaEpril 1906. Pierre akagogodza varwi kuti vafe. Maria Sklodowska-Curie, akanga arasikirwa nomurume wake, shamwari yake neshamwari yakanakisisa, akawira muhutano hwemwedzi yakawanda.

Mubayiro weChipiri weNobel

Zvisinei, upenyu hwakaenderera mberi. Mukadzi uyu ainyanya kuedza kushandiswa kwemadiamu esimbi mumhando yakachena, uye kwete maitiro ayo. Uye akagamuchira ichi chinhu muna 1910 (pamwe nekubatana naA. Deborin). Maria Curie akazviona uye akaratidza kuti radium is a chemical element. Akanga aidawo kuva nhengo yeFrench Academy yeScience nokuda kweizvi, muhupenyu hwekubudirira kukuru, zvisinei, nharo dzakapoteredzwa, kusvetwa kwakatanga muhurukuro, uye pakupedzisira murume chauvinism akakunda . Muna 1911, Marie akapiwa mukana wechipiri weNobel Prize, mumakemikari. Akava wekutanga kuraira kuti apiwe kaviri.

Shanda paRadium Institute

Nokuda kweongororo ye radioactivity, Radium Institute yakagadzwa nguva pfupi Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga isati yatanga. Curie akashanda pano mumunda wezvidzidzo zvekutanga zve radioactivity pamwe nekushandiswa kwechiremba. Mumakore ehondo akadzidzisa mishonga yemishonga vanachiremba vemaharairasi, somuenzaniso, kuti vaone mumuviri we shrapnel yakakuvadzwa nemubatsiro we X-rays, iyo inotengeswa michina ye X-ray kumberi. Irene, mwanasikana wake, akanga ari pakati pechiremba waaidzidzisa.

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu

Kunyange mumakore akwegura, Maria Curie akapfuurira basa rake. Bhuku shomanana remakore aya rinoratidzwa nezvinotevera: akashanda navanachiremba, vadzidzi, akanyora masayenzi emabasa, uye akasunungura mararamiro emurume wake. Marie akaenda kuPoland, iyo yakazopedzisira yawana rusununguko. Akashanyirawo United States, kwaakagamuchirwa nekutonga uye kwaakaratidzwa ne 1 gramu re radium kuitira kupfuurira kwekuedza (iyo mari yaiti, zvichiitika, yakaenzana nemari inodarika 200 kg yegoridhe). Zvisinei, kushamwaridzana ne radioactive zvinhu kwakanzwa. Utano hwake hukawedzera, uye panaJuly 4, 1934, Curie Maria akafa neukemia. Izvi zvakaitika muFrench Alps, mune chipatara chiduku muSansellemoz.

Marie Curie University muLublin

Mukukudza kweCurie couples, the chemical element of curium yakatumidzwa (Nha. 96). Uye zita remukadzi mukuru Maria rakange risina kufa muzita reyunivhesiti muLublin (Poland). Icho chiri chimwe chezvikwata zvepamusoro zvakakwirira zvekudzidzisa muPoland, iyo yehutunhu. Yunivhesiti yaMaria Curie-Sklodowska yakatangwa muna 1944, isati yava chivakwa, yakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pamusoro. Mutungamiri wekutanga uye mutungamiri weiyo masangano ekudzidzisa aiva mudzidzisi mukuru Heinrich Raabe. Nhasi inosanganisira mazano gumi anotevera:

- Chemistry.

- Biology uye biotechnology.

- Arts.

- Vanhu.

- Uzivi uye hutano.

- Pedagogy uye psychology.

- Sciences yepasi uye kugadzira nzvimbo.

- Mathematics, physics uye kombiyuta yesayenzi.

- Kodzero uye hutungamiri.

- Political science.

- Pedagogy uye psychology.

Yunivhesiti yaMaria Curie yakasarudza vadzidzi vanopfuura 23.5 zviuru zvekudzidziswa, iyo inenge inenge 500 vari vatorwa.