Yak-1: tsananguro, nokurondedzerwa, serials, nadzurudzo

Yak-1 - a Soviet murwi ndege Hondo Yenyika II. Rakanga wokutanga muhondo motokari, yakagadzirirwa muna Yakovlev Design Bureau, uye wokutanga womuenzaniso ndege series, iyo yakava nemhaka Soviet Ndege ndege muna Second World War. Ngatitore Kunyatsoziva nhoroondo Yak-1 uye ayo michina parameters!

General unhu

Yak-1 ndege vava Soviet Union muna 1940. Mumakore mana okuwana nayo yakavakwa anenge 9000 Makopi murwi uye kugadziriswa zvishoma chakagadzirirwa. Pakutanga, kurimwa kambani vakaiswa zvakasimba nguva puranga, zvoita kuti nhamba zvikanganiso ndege mamiriro. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko vezvikepe vakanga chaizvo kwazvo murwi uyu. Iye kurova muvengi pamwe kwemazuva Second World War yokutanga. The ndege akasiyana zvinoda usingashandi Nokuraramisa, vakasununguka kushanda uye yakakwirira chaitwa unhu, nemhaka iyo akanga asina matambudziko akavingwa varwi German uye Bf.109 Fw.190.

Kuwedzera kune Soviet mutyairi wendege-Ace kunozivikanwa Pokryshkina Alexander Ivanovich, muenzaniso ndege Yak-1 piloted nezvinhu zvakadai vezvikepe akakurumbira sezvo Aleksey Alelyukhin, kuti Witch uye Ahmed Khan Sultan. Zviri pamusoro mundege iyi kurwisa zviratidzo akauya hondo "Normandie-Niemen". Uyezve, mumwe murwi akarwa chete hadzi hondo yacho Red Army.

MARARAMIRO OF THE

Mukupera 40-ies wekupedzisira remakore, Soviet Ndege rengarava akatanga vaida updating. nyika inoda murwi mutsva aikwanisa kanenge zvakaenzana kudzivisa dzimwe dzomuzana. The ndege I-16 aiva "nyeredzi" nepakati 40s, uye Soviet Union - wokutanga hurumende kupfeka mukuru-nokukurumidza monoplane anorwisa. Kwenguva refu I-16 aiva mutungamiriri wechokwadi iri Spanish mudenga, apo muna 1937, hapana vakatuma itsva ndege German Bf.109. Chokwadi, nyaya dzinotevedzana varwi German rokutanga vaiva kure akanaka, asi ivo vaiva guru mazuvaano zvekuvaka, inova flagship yeSoviet kare vaneta zvachose. Mumazuva iwayo, avhiyesheni vakatanga kuva nokukurumidza kukuru, uye ndege, akasika makore mashanu apfuura, zvino deprecated.

patani

Basa kusikwa itsva murwi Soviet akatanga akawanda akaitwa mahofisi: Yakovlev, Lavochkin uye Polikarpov. Muna 1940, yokupedzisira vakabata KB pamwe vatogadzirira pamasikiro ndege, iyo gare gare unonzi third-1.

Panguva iyoyo, utungamiriri Soviet Air Force akanga akaziva kuti huru kushorwa mhepo ine ramangwana kuchaitika pane mukuru kukwira, saka vagadziri vaifanira kuumba murwi kuti zvakanaka inogona kuonekwa panzvimbo kukwira vanopfuura 5,000 mamita. ndege Future kwaiva kutanga 600 km / h kumhanya 11-12? km vane inoshanda sirin'i achibhururuka pa 600? km.

Panguva iyoyo, mumwe matambudziko zvakakura Soviet ndege indasitiri vaiva Motors, kugoverwa parwo zvikuru pamberi hondo. Chimwe chinetso chakanga kwaiva duralumin. The inokosha mari iyi zvinhu akaenda kugadzirwa Ndege, saka vagadziri kuti murwi uye kurwiswa ndege aifanira kuita basa kushandisa kwavo uchishandisa nguva plywood, matanda uye kanivhasi.

Design Bureau Aleksandra Yakovleva rwaakatora kuti kusikwa murwi shure muna May 1939. Kare, zvakanga vaita zvemitambo uye nendege kurovedza. Tiri zvinhu motokari itsva inobva Sport womuenzaniso I-7. Design pakashandwa ari fekitari № 115.

Ndege kumumvuri ainzi I-26. January 13, 1940 akaita ndege yake yokutanga. Piloting of murwi idzva tasked yokuedza mutyairi Yu. I. Piontkovskomu. The ndege yokutanga akabudirira, uye wechipiri kwakaita kuti tsaona, somugumisiro iyo mutyairi akaurayiwa, uye motokari yakadonha. Zvakanga akazozivisa kuti mhaka tsaona akava mukugadzira urema. Pasinei tsaona, hapana akapokana kuti ndege Yakovlev zvakakodzera. Somugumisiro, kunyange pamberi mamiriro miedzo yacho murwi akasarudza kuisa kugadzirwa. Panguva iyi, akanga ainzi Yak-1.

vakwikwidzi

Mumwe ndege Soviet pamusoro WWII, vakatora chikamu mune pre-hondo mumakwikwi, mugumo waiva nenzira inonakidza. Vose vakagamuchirwa uye muhombodo vakawanda kugadzirwa. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, hondo akaisa zvose panzvimbo yayo.

Third-1 akaratidza kwazvo pane imwe yakakwirira makiromita anopfuura mashanu. Main chete hondo pamusoro Soviet-German mberi dzaiva pasi zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, motokari yakanga zvishomanana zvombo. Nokukurumidza iye akatorwa kubva kugadzirwa, uye kuvakwa ndege kune mupomerwi.

The muchiuto Nzira ndege LaGG akanga kunyange pfupi. Motokari yakavakwa zvachose namatanda une nomugumisiro zvakaipa pamusoro wake uremu. Zvinoitwa ndege vakasiya zvikuru anodikamwa. Pakupedzisira, utungamiriri kuti varege kugadzirwa ndege uye kutamira simba aburitswa nokubudiswa Jakobho.

kugadzirwa

Panguva apo ndege vakatanga kubereka kutengeswa, kuwedzera muEurope War. Nokuda nhokwe kugadzirwa ndege yaiva "mbishi", saka zvakananga kubudisa kwacho pamasikiro vakaita zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti tigare vanodhirowa shanduko, kusikwa zvishandiso chitsva, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakwana kuti rework rakapedzwa zvinoriumba uye nemagungano. Rinonyatsooneka kuvandudzika kunge kunetseka mafuta maitiro uye pamasikiro chassis, iyo overheated panguva braking. The yakanaka-Tuning kunodiwawo mhepo murwi hurongwa, ayo injini uye chombo.

Mukutanga mumatsutso 1940 batch mangé wokutanga ndege nemauto Yak-1 zvakapfuudzwa, rwaiumbwa 10 zvinhu, izvo pakarepo akaenda nemiedzo zvechiuto. November 7 iroro, vanodzima mashanu vakatora mugove kwakawanda, kwakaitika musi Red Square. In miti Zvichakadaro isu dzakachinjwa chipatapata ndege pamwe zvakawanika vakawana muna miedzo. In yose, kubva June 1940 kusvikira January 1941, 7000 kuchinja vakasikwa vanodhirowa ndege.

By pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, iyo maindasitiri veSoviet vakakwanisa kuita zvishoma makopi anopfuura mana Yak-1 murwi, asi zvose haana vaiva pahondo. Chete chikamu anogadzirwa vezvikepe ndege akanga nyanzvi kumadokero uto maruwa. Rokutanga hafu gore hondo, ndege akanga anonyatsogona murwi yeSoviet. Zvaisiyana nyore design, yakaderera cost, nyore kushanda, zvakanaka kuita parameters uye nezvombo simba. Production kwakanyanyisa muna 1942, izvo ndege 3.5 zviuru dzakabudiswa.

Production rakapera Muzhizha ra1944, uye nokushanda akaramba kusvikira pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II.

Yak-1b

Muzhizha 1942 kwakatangwa kugadzirwa wokutanga Ndege nadzurudzo, vakagamuchira indekisi "1b". Kubva inokosha shanduro, ine injini zvikuru simba pamusoro zvizivikanwe M-105PF. With itsva powerplant murwi wakakurumidza zvinenge kusvika 600 km / h uye aigona tongai ane dzoro mumasekonzi 19. Mukuwedzera, maoko ndege vakagamuchira vamwe kuchinja. Fighter zvombo zviviri redunhu 20 millimeter kanoni ShVAK uye 12.7-mm zvigwagwagwa ub.

The upgraded shanduro ndege nomukana zvakakwana kunangana ichangobva okunatsiridza ari murwi German Me-109. Muhondo pamusoro chinjikira mundege Soviet muvengi mukuru, uye kutwasuka - zvishoma muduku kwaari. Kuwedzera kuvandudzika uku, ndege akapiwa Lantern idzva, inopa yakanaka maonero seri hemisphere uye pamberi warrior girazi.

Yak-1M

Muna November 1942, Yakovlev kutanga basa musi kusikwa muchina kuti zvirokwazvo kurwa nezvirwere zvose evadzimi German. Kubva nezvavanofunga izvi, pakutanga akaitwa Yak-1 akanga pasi zvikuru shanduro. kopi Yak-1M yokutanga yakanga yakavakwa 15 February 1943. Kubva firimu muenzaniso akasiyana zvikurukuru akaderedza pamwero (9.2 m) uye nzvimbo bapiro (14,83m). Kuburikidza akatevedzana STRUCTURAL matanho (kuderedza mafuta matangi, kuderedza nzvimbo yacho muswe, etc.) ndege ndege uremu wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 230 makirogiramu. Uyezve, nokutamisa mafuta kutonhora, nani zvimwewo siyana uye chikumbiro vodoradiatora nomumwe mapaipi chiutsi nerimwe humburumbira yacho injini, ndege aerodynamic nemishonga zvinoderedza zvikuru, uye nokukurumidza vakawedzera. Nemhaka vazhinji magadzirirwo kuchinja kuti ndege womuenzaniso ndangofanana Yak-3 (chinotevera ndege series), pane ayo zvinokosha Bhaibheri.

patani

Yak-1 rakavakwa kwomuzvarirwo aerodynamic configuration uye raimiririra monoplane pamwe Semi-monocoque fuselage uye bapiro urongwa yakaderera. kumhara giya Anodzokera Shure paburiro.

Structure yakanga yakasanganiswa sokunge zvinhu zvesimbi, matanda uye jira. Ball fuselage furemu rakavakwa mapaipi esimbi welded pamwe chete chairema pamwe injini puranga. Its chikuru zvinhu vari 4 spar waakaita dhazeni mapuranga. Pakati maviri emadziro vokutanga iri nzvimbo yemutekenyi. Hedzinoi unobatanidza nodes ari fuselage uye mapapiro. A kanopi puranga riri welded kune rokumusoro spars.

The mberi chikamu ndege iri sheathed duralumin, uye shure - mucheka. Panguva uta pamusoro Hood yaiva kuti pakutanga nadzurudzo ane divi "gills" Kuchenesa powertrain.

Panguva rwemberi varwi pamusoro fuselage, kumusoro uye pasi vari akatasva fairing kuvandudza ayo aerodynamic parameters. The raiiswa yokumusoro fairing kwava maitiro chepfungwa kwokunze pakuonekwa Yak-1. In Zvakazoitwa shanduro yaro reworked, kuvandudza maonero mutyairi shure hemisphere.

Trapezoid murwi mapapiro zvakaitwa namatanda. Power bapiro pepuranga yaisanganisira maviri spar uye kuva mbabvu pamwe stringers.

Bakelite mapapiro sheathed pamwe plywood uye kanivhasi. Zveupfumi ailerons, ichibhabhamisa, kumhara giya fairings uye nhoo mapapiro zvakagadzirwa duralumin. Empennage of ndege vaivawo hwakakanyiwa maumbirwo: yacho keel uye stabilizer akaita namatanda, elevators uye kutenderera - kubva duralumin.

The kabhini iri namahwindo Lantern Plexiglas, avhareji iyo zvava pedyo rinokosha Polozkov kare. chigaro mutyairi wacho akadzivirirwa 9-millimeter bronespinkoy. Chigaro aiva mbiya kuti parachuti. Recent okunatsiridza of mienzaniso vakanga vakapakata nechimbichimbi zvinoyerera rambi hurongwa unobvumira mutyairi kuti nokukurumidza kusiya kurwa machine.

Fighter aiva retractable kumhara giya, izvo rinoshandisa maviri namakumbo rimwe muswe vhiri. The chassis akanga akashongedzerwa ane mafuta-mhepo cushioning uye mhepo Drum mabhureki. The chassis akanga vakachenesa vachishandisa pneumatic hurongwa. A niche nayo anoiswa, panguva ndege yakavharwa ne nhoo maviri. Kunze zvatinosiita chassis mundege inogona kuisa the kumhara giya.

midziyo

The muchina vakavhiyiwa injini M-105P nemvura kutonhora. In akazotevera shanduro yakanga akashandura kuti Motors kupfuura simba M-105Pa uye M-105PF. Ndege nepokuongorora chipande matatu hwindimiri ane shanduka nenamo. It kuvhara nyore bvisika mberi kubika streamlined. injini vakanga dzinodzorwa pachishandiswa netambo. Kutanga powerplant zvinoberekwa compressed mhepo.

Mafuta hurongwa yaisanganisira Matangi mana, zvachose kukwanisa 408 litres. Vose vakaiswa mumotokari mapapiro. Huni zvitengeswa takaisa mafuta pombi rinosundwa huru motokari. The mafuta Hurongwa ane 37-fő tangi. Redhiyeta nokuti kutonhora akaiswa chaiyo mugero pasi simba murwi chikwata.

Cockpit akanga akashongedzerwa ane altimeter, speedometer, pressurization chakarurama, mumwe dzokai paakati, kuti coolant tembiricha Switch uye wachi ABP. Of redhiyo midziyo, mumuchina nepokuongorora mugamuchiri "Baby," Rinofambisa "yeGondo" uye radiopolukompasom.

nezvombo

Somunhu ndege chombo Aleksandra Yakovleva akagamuchira 20-millimeter kanoni ShVAK uye peya 7.92-millimeter zvigwagwagwa ShKAS. Pfuti akanga akatasva ari injini kuparara. Iye apfurwe negomba nomubato ari sikuruwa uye ruoko giya. Machine pfuti zvaiiswa pamusoro injini, kurutivi rumwe norumwe ari fuselage. Mukana kudonha mabara ari sikuruwa yave kupera kuburikidza nokushandisa synchronizer. Cannon uye zvigwagwagwa aigona recharged zvose manually uye achishandisa pneumatic actuator. Zvombo pfuti ine dzokurwa kuboora incendiary, putika, tracer vaitenderera uye sighting.

rwisana oparesheni

Pakutanga Hondo Yenyika II chete-injini murwi ndege Yak-1 zvakanakisisa murwi of Red Army. Huru dambudziko chokuita nokushanda ndege - ayo havaratidzi abuda chikamu vashandi. The motokari yakanga itsva uye akazviratidza zvikamu mishomanana pamberi kutanga kushanda. The vezvikepe dzakamanikidzwa kuzodzosera kudzidza zvakananga munguva hondo.

The ndege yaiva nyore kushandisa uye "ushamwari" kune vezvikepe. Nokuti vaya vakakwanisa kubhururuka musi I-16, zvigaro pamusoro Yak-1, kwaiva chiitiko chaicho. Vatekenyi vendege, pashure wokutanga kutiza, akanyora mhedziso kuti muchina ruripo mutyairi vane zvinodiwa pazasi avhareji. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri chimwe chinhu kurera murwi mudenga uye akariisa pasi, uye mumwe - akakuitira chimwe yakanakisisa varwi vari Second World War, yokuGermany Bf-109. The muenzaniso wokutanga Yak-1 vakanga yekudyidzana kunorema kupfuura imwe ndege muvengi uye vane propulsion zvishoma simba. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vakarasikirwa kuti anokumhan'arira mu nokukurumidza uye mwero kwira. Mukuwedzera, wokutanga murwi Soviet akanga wandei "uduku" zvirwere, mhosva yaiva nokukasira mukurima.

The chikuru hwokugadzira dambudziko Yak-1:

1. Overheating mvura uye mafuta, pamwe chete injini iri yepamusoro simba. Mafuta splashes kuburikidza nemicherechedzo zvakaipa. Mafuta kwete chete anosasa fuselage, asiwo aizonyatsovachenesa ari kanopi, nokuvhara mutyairi yokudzokorora. Kuwedzera, nokuda mafuta leakage injini aigona overheat, saka mufambisi aifanira sipidhi kuchitonhora. Muhondo mamiriro, zvinogona kutungamirira taisireva.
2. Gogonera Kugadzirwa zvakasiyana mafuta matangi.
3. Leakage of pneumatic hurongwa.
4. Jamming uye misalignment katuriji pfuti mabhandi.
5. Samovyvorachivanie screws nokuda kwazvo vibration.
6. Kusvikira 1942, ndege haina akashongedzerwa aine walkie-talkie.

Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru murwi akarasa pamusoro matambudziko, asi vezvikepe zhinji nokuti aifanira kubhadhara noupenyu hwavo. Zvakajeka kutaura, Yak-1, kudzokorora izvo tinobatirira, conceded yose hondo varwi German, uye gare gare shanduro ndege aigona kusapfuudza vavengi. Pano zvakafanira kunzwisisa kuti zvaitika ane mhepo hondo kazhinji hakubvi zvinoitwa ndege, uye pamusoro unyanzvi vezvikepe uye zvakakwana kukarukureta mauto. Pakutanga hondo, vezvikepe Soviet vaiva nematambudziko akakura, asi nokufamba kwenguva vachiwana ruzivo uye vanoziva vaite zvakawanda.

In akadaro pamwero mukuru dzinombokakavadzana, Hondo Yenyika II, zvakakodzera kufunga chimwe chinhu - kukwanisa kukurumidza kuita kuti kurasikirwa michina uye vashandi kunokosha kupfuura hwokugadzira kukwana unyanzvi. Panyaya iyi, USSR akanga nhamba youkuru. Zvikuru zvisingabatsiri Kune mazana vezvikepe uye nyore zvakachipa murwi pane gumi nevaviri aces uye upfumi anorwisa.

Zvakanakira ari Yak-1 anogona kunzi followingManufacture:

1. The hama nyore uye vakaderera mutengo;
2. Zvaidiwa zvokugadzira zvinhu chawo, iyo panguva iyoyo vapiwe USSR.
3. Zvinogamuchirwa hwokugadzira uye kutiza parameters.
4. Nyore kushandisa uye kuwana vezvikepe vakadzidzira nokukurumidza chirongwa.
5. Large mazuvaano upfumi.
6. Nyore uye maintainability.
7. Wide njanji, vachibvumira kushandisa unpaved airfields.

parameters

Main hwokugadzira unhu FC-1:

1. Mapapiro - 10 m.
2. Urefu - 1.7 m.
3. Length - 8,48 m.
4. Bapiro Area - 17,15 mamita ^2.
5. Tora-kure uremu - 2700 makirogiramu.
6. Motor simba - 1180 l. a.
7. Kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza - 592 km / h.
8. Practical Range - 850 m.
9. Practical siringi - 10,000 m.
10. Dzinokwira - 926 m / min.
11. The vashandi - 1 munhu.