Neanderthal - ichi ... The vekare vanhu - Neanderthals

Murume aigara kufarira kwakatangira dzavo. Ndiani, apo uye sei - kwenguva refu yaiva mumwe mukuru nyaya nguva. MuGirisi yekare, panguva kuberekwa dambudziko sayenzi wokutanga dzevanhu mavambo kwave inokosha iri zvichiitika uzivi. Zvino, nyaya iyi haana kurasa kushanda kwayo. Paaiva remakore rapfuura, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuenda kure mberi mune dambudziko nechitarisiko murume, mibvunzo vanoramba kuuya.

Hapana vaongorori havagoni kuva nechokwadi chokuti akabvuma pfungwa nezvemavambo oupenyu, kusanganisira chimiro murume ndezvechokwadi. Kwete chete kuti, mazana emakore akapfuura, uye nhasi vanodzidza nezvavanhu masayendisiti chaivo War, tichidzivirira pfungwa dzavo uye Kuramba dzidziso vavengi.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakanaka kudzidza vekare vanhu chinhu Neanderthal. Ichi mumiririri rwevanhu yakatotsakatika kare kare, vaigara 130 - 20 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura.

Kwakatangira zita

Nechokumadokero Germany, pedyo Düsseldorf, ndiye Neandertal mumupata. zita kwayo akagashira nokuda mumwe mufundisi wokuGermany uye munyori Neander. In pakati pezana XIX remakore, makawanikwa Nemadehenya komunhu yekare. Makore maviri gare gare, ANODZIDZA Shaafgauzen, kuita kwake kudzidza, rokuti "Neanderthal" iri zvesayenzi chimurenga. Pamusana kwaari, mapfupa akawanikwa akanga asina kutengeswa, uye zvino vari Rhenish munyika miziyamu.

Shoko rokuti "Neanderthal" (mufananidzo zvichiita rokuvakazve chimiro chayo, zvinokwanisika kuona pazasi) haana miganhu nokuda Nokuwanda kwakaita mapoka uye inhomogeneities hominids zvakajeka. The chinzvimbo mutana, zvakare, hazvinyatsozivikanwi. Vamwe masayendisiti anotakura riri subspecies pakati Homo sapiens, vamwe vamire somusoro rudzi kana kunyange genus. Zvino mutana ndiyo kudzidza Neanderthal maonero Zvisaririra hominids. Uyezve, achiri zvichiwana mapfupa kuva marudzi ichi.

How kumuwana

Zvakasaririra vamiririri pakati chinyakare murume aisagona kuwana rokutanga hominids. vanhu Ancient (Neanderthals) dzakafukunurwa 1829 kuBelgium. Zvadaro, kuwanikwa ichi hazvirevi batanidza chero kukosha, uye kukosha kwaro kunoratidzwa zvikuru gare gare. Zvadaro dzavo zvisaririra kuwanikwa muEngland. Uye chete yawanikwa yechitatu muna 1856 pedyo Düsseldorf akapa zita Neanderthal uye akaratidza kukosha zvose yapfuura akawana zvisaririra.

Vashandi pavaiputsa akawana cavern akazadzwa silt. Mushure yokururamisa vakawana pedo nomukova yevanhu dehenya uye mapfupa shoma akakura. The yekare zvisaririra vakanga yakatengwa nokuda Mazvikokota wokuGermany Johann Fulrotom, uyo gare gare inovarondedzera.

Neanderthal - STRUCTURAL zvinhu uye kupatsanura

The akawana mapfupa Zvisaririra evanhu akadzidza kwazvo, uye maererano pakutsvakurudza masayendisiti vakakwanisa vakiridza mashoko anofungidzirwa chimiro. Neanderthal - Hapana mubvunzo wokutanga vanhu kubva kwayo kufanana Homo sapiens pachena. Zvisinei, pane imwe huru yakawanda musiyano.

Avhareji ikure murume wekare akanga 165 masendimita. Akanga kuvaka stocky uye mumwe musoro guru, uye bhuku racho cranium vekare vanhu Neanderthals vakuru murume ano. Maoko pfupi, vakawanda vakaita netsoka dzakapfava. Broad pamafudzi uye dhiramu muchipfuva kutaura simba guru.

nechapamusoro Strong, chirebvu vashomashoma, yepamhino, pfupi mitsipa - mumwe Neanderthal zvinhu. Ungangove, unhu idzi kuumbwa utsinye ezvinhu enyika Ice Age, umo dzekare vanhu vaigara 100 - 50 zviuru apfuura.

Structure Neanderthals anopa chikonzero kufunga kuti vane hombe kwetsandanyama, rinorema marangwanda zvokudya runonyanya nyama uye zvaiva nani kupfuura Cro-Magnons, dzakashandisa kunyunguduka ekunze.

Vaiva Kutaura chinyakare chinowanzoitika panofanira vakawanda nemavara.

Sezvo inogarwa izvi vekare vanhu munharaunda huru, pane mhando dzakawanda. Mumwe ane zvinhu pedyo mhuka-kufanana chitarisiko, apo vamwe sezvinoita murume ano.

Habitat kuti Homo neanderthalensis

Kubva zvisaririra vakawana nhasi tinoziva kuti Neanderthal murume (ane vanhu vekare vakararama zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura) aigara Europe, Central Asia uye East. In Africa, hominids izvi akasawanikwa. Papera chokwadi ichi mumwe hwokuti Homo neanderthalensis haisi tateguru murume ano, uye ake chinotevera hama.

sei iwe vanokwanisa vakiridza chimiro mangwanani murume

Kutanga Shaafgauzena, "GODFATHER" pane Neanderthal murume kunge vakaedza dzakawanda recreate Zvinoonekwa hominid ichi yekare zvimedu dehenya rake uye marangwanda. Kubudirira Great kubudirira muSoviet ANODZIDZA uye muvezi Mikhail Gerasimov. Akasika nzira nokudzorerwa kwevanhu chitarisiko chake pachake uchibatsirwa skeletal mapfupa. Vakanga vakaita pamusoro mazana maviri zvivezwa evanhu. Gerasimov zvakare reconstructed chiso mukupera Neanderthal uye Cro-Magnon. Akasika Laboratory pakati anthropological rokuvakazve anoramba zvinobudirira muushumiri kudzorerwa panze yekare vanhu ikozvino.

Neanderthals uye Cro-Magnons - pane zvakafanana pakati pavo?

Izvi vamiririri vaviri vanhu vorudzii vakararama kwenguva duku imwe nguva uye zvakavapo kweanenge makore zviuru makumi maviri. Masayendisiti anoreva Cro-Magnon mangwanani dzinomiririra murume ano. Ivo akaonekwa Europe 40 - 50 zviuru akapfuura uye vakanga vakasiyana chaizvo kubva Neanderthals mumuviri mupfungwa. Vaiva akareba (180 cm), akanga zvakananga huma pasina yakabudikira pahuma, mhuno uye yakamanikana chirebvu zvakawanda runotsanangurwa zvakajeka. In chitarisiko, vanhu ava pedyo chaizvo kumunhu ano.

The nemagariro nebudiriro Cro-Magnon kupfuura kubudirira kwavo vamutangira. Zvavakanga nhaka kubva kumadzitateguru avo vakava hombe pfungwa uye chinyakare ano, vari pfupi akaita hofori achikwakuka mberi kwayo kukura. Zvavanenge vawana vari mikuru. Somuenzaniso, mumapako uye nematende namatebwe akararama Neanderthals uye Cro-Magnons mumapoka maduku. Asi kwakanga rokupedzisira uye misha vokutanga dzakatangwa zvakajeka kuumbwa dzemadzinza munharaunda. Ivo akapingudzwa imbwa, akaita tsika pamariro, kupendwa kuvhima mifananidzo pamasvingo mumapako, vakakwanisa kuti Ezvemutauro kwete chete ibwe, asiwo nokuda nyanga uye mapfupa. Cro-Magnons aiva kutaura zvakajeka.

Saka, kusiyana izvi marudzi maviri murume yekare vaiva chinokosha.

Homo neanderthalensis uye murume ano

Kwenguva refu, iyo spores vaiva munharaunda nesayenzi nezvezvinhu mumwe vamiririri vekare vanhu dzinofanira kuonekwa sezvo baba murume. Zvino imi munoziva chaizvo Neanderthal (mapikicha akatorwa pachishandiswa vavakezve remafupa residues, izvozvo kusimbisa zvakajeka) panyama uye zvokunze chitarisiko yakasiyana chaizvo Homo sapiens, uye ndiye tateguru womunhu ano.

Kwekutanga nokuda ichi pane imwe pfungwa. Asi zvichangobva kudzidzwa kupa chikonzero chokudavira kuti madzitateguru Homo sapiens aigara Africa, iyo akarara kunze mupenyu Homo neanderthalensis. In kwavo nhoroondo refu nokudzidza pfupa anoramba vavo havasati rawanikwa pamusoro kondinendi African. Asi pakupedzisira nyaya kwakagadziriswa muna 1997 apo University reMunich akanga deciphered Neanderthal DNA. The kusiyana kwemajini akawanikwa nemasayendisiti wakanyanyisa kukura.

The kudzidza genome pakati Homo neanderthalensis mberi muna 2006. Zvave nesayenzi vakaratidza kuti musiyano iri majini kwaiita murume yekare yemazuva vakatanga anenge 500 zviuru apfuura. Nokuti decoding DNA zvave mapfupa zvakawanikwa Croatia, Russia, Germany uye Spain.

Naizvozvo, zvakanaka kuti kutaura kuti murume Neanderthal - rakajairika kwatiri yakatotsakatika marudzi kuti haisi wakananga baba Homo sapiens. Ndiyo imwe bazi mhuri huru ine hominids, izvo zvinosanganisira, kuwedzera kune madzitateguru evanhu uye yakatotsakatika, uye kunyange akwegura primates.

Muna 2010, munyika weboka zvidzidzo zviri Neanderthal majini zvakawanikwa munyika zhinji ano. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pakati Homo neanderthalensis uye Cro-Magnon sanganisa ikoko.

Life uye upenyu ekare vanhu

Neanderthal (ane vanhu vekare vaigara kuMiddle Paleolithic) kutanga kushandiswa zvikuru chinyakare zvishandiso, mumutore kubva vamutangira. Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuonekwa itsva, zvakawanda yepamusoro mhando pfuti. Vachiri yaigadzirwa ibwe, asi vava zvikuru akasiyana uye dzakaoma kugadzira michina. It akawana pamusoro marudzi matanhatu mishonga dziri chokwadi Misiyano marudzi inokosha matatu: demo, scrapers uye ostrokonechnikov.

Pavaichera Neanderthal nzvimbo vematombo vakanga akawanikwa, awls, scrapers uye chombo serrated.

Scrapers kubatsira nokuveza uye kupfeka nemhuka vavo nehombodo, pfungwa dzaiva yakatopamhama kuvandudzwa. Vakanga kushandiswa sezvo mapanga, mapanga nokuti achicheka kumusoro zvitunha, sezvo spearheads uye arrowheads. Used Neanderthals vekare uye mapfupa kuti zvokushandisa. Vakanga kunyanya awls uye muromo, asi akawana uye hombe zvinhu - mapanga, uye netsvimbo vachibva hwamanda.

Kana zvombo, zvakanga zvichiri chinyakare chaizvo. Its chikuru maonero, sezviri pachena, aiva nepfumo. mhedziso iyi yakavakirwa zveBhaibheri mapfupa mhuka pana nzvimbo Neanderthal nzvimbo.

Ava vanhu vekare havasi rombo pamwe okunze. Kana avo vamutangira aigara inodziya nguva, zvadaro panguva Homo neanderthalensis akatanga simba inotonhorera nezvitsinga akatanga kuumba mazitombo echando. The nzvimbo akafanana vakakomberedza achinaya mvura. Naizvozvo Neanderthal upenyu hwaiva nehasha zvikuru uye azere nengozi.

Housing vachiri vakashumira mubako, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuonekwa pachena pakuvaka - matende namatehwe emhuka uye nemamiriro mapfupa mammoths.

zvidzidzo

Vazhinji nguva murume wekare akanga achiparidza dzichitsvaka zvokudya. Pachishandiswa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, vaiva scavengers uye vavhimi, asi basa iri kunoda kusachinja-chinja nemuzviito. Maererano masayendisiti, huru yezvokutengeserana mhando nokuti Neanderthals vaiva mhuka huru. Sezvo murume wekare aigara yakakura, vakabirwa dzakasiyana: mammoths, mhuka nzombe namabhiza, woolly rhinoceroses, nondo. An chinokosha mutambo mhuka raiva bako nebere.

Pasinei nokuti yokuvhima mhuka huru yava chavainyanya rinotambudza, Neanderthals akaramba achidana kuunganidzwa. Maererano muchidzidza, havana zvachose Mbeswa, uye zvokudya zvavo zvaisanganisira mumidzi, nzungu uye michero.

tsika nemagariro

Neanderthal murume - uyu haisi chinyakare munhu, sezvo taifunga ari XIX remakore. vanhu vekare vakararama munguva Middle Paleolithic, akaumba kwetsika kuitika, rwakazokura seshanduro Mousterian tsika. Panguva ino, hunotanga kuberekwa itsva muchimiro vanhu - dzemadzinza munharaunda. Neanderthals akatarisira nhengo dzemhuri yake. Vavhimi havadyi chakaurawa pasi, uye akaenda naye shure mubako vamwe vedzinza.

Homo neanderthalensis haana kukwanisa kurudzosa kana nokusika inofananidza mhuka akagadzirwa nematombo kana ivhu asi. Asi ayo panzvimbo rokupaka akawana matombo pamwe zvemaoresa grooves. The vekare vanhu zvingashandawo inofambirana anokwenya pamusoro pfupa maturusi uye zvishongo kuita akachera mazino mhuka uye anoshongwa.

Kutanga mukuru tsika Neanderthals vakataura, uye tsika dzavo pamariro. vaakawana makuva anopfuura makumi maviri. Muviri wakaiswa isina kudzika mumakomba ari mamiriro munhu akarara murume vakakotamisa maoko nemakumbo.

Akadzadzwa vekare vanhu uye kutanga kwezivo yezvokurapa. Vaiziva kuti kuporesa mitswe uye dislocations. Vamwe zvakabudiswa vanoti vanhu vokutanga aimutarisira vakakuvadzwa.

Homo neanderthalensis - chakavanzika kutsakatika kwomunhu yekare

Kana uye nei wokupedzisira Neanderthal akanyangarika? Chakavanzika ichi kuri mupfungwa masayendisiti kwemakore akawanda. mubvunzo uyu haana chaizvo vaudzewo mhinduro. Modern murume haazivi chikonzero nei dinosaurs vakanyangarika, uye haigoni kutaura kuti zvakakonzera kutsakatika Zvisaririra yake yepedyo.

Kwenguva yakareba zvakanga vaidavira kuti Neanderthals vakanga kusvinwa wake zvakawanda akaderedzwa uye dzakabudirira vorongerwa - Cro-Magnon. Uye uchapupu dzidziso iyi yakawanda chaizvo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti murume ano akaonekwa Europe munzvimbo Homo neanderthalensis kumativi 50,000 apfuura, uye zviuru 30 makore wokupedzisira Neanderthal akanyangarika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi maviri emakore parutivi kurarama nzvimbo duku yaiva nguva kukwikwidzana pakati kwemarudzi maviri nokuda kupfuma. Cro-Magnon murume akahwina kunokwana kusanganiswa preponderance uye kukwanisa kuchinja nani.

Haasi masayendisiti ose anobvumirana dzidziso iyi. Vamwe kuisa mberi kwavo hapana zvishoma zvinonakidza pfungwa. Vakawanda mutsigirire maonero kuti Neanderthals chakazokanganisa kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Chokwadi kuti zviuru 30 adarika muEurope vakatanga yakareba chando uye akaoma ekunze. Zvichida izvi zvakaita kuti kunyangarika mutana vasingagoni zvinoenderana changing ezvinhu oupenyu.

Asi chinoshamisa dzidziso akaisa mberi Saymon Anderdaun, nyanzvi pa Oxford University. Achitenda kuti Neanderthals kurwisa chirwere, inova maitire cannibals. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, vanhu kudya zvaiwanzoitwa panguva.

Chimwe shanduro kunyangarika ichi yekare yevanhu - kuitwa pamwe Cro-Magnons.

Kutsakatika Homo neanderthalensis kuitika irregularly pamusoro nguva. On the Iberian Peninsula vamiririri kwemarudzi iyi Zvisaririra hominids akararama pashure nemireniyumu pashure kunyangarika vasara Europe.

Neanderthals Mutsika ano

The chidzoke munhu wekare, ake kurwisa zvinoshamisa kuti upenyu uye chakavanzika kunyangarika zvave nyaya mabhuku mabasa uye nemafirimu. Joseph Anri Tilton Sr. akanyora yokufungidzira "Yokurwira moto", iyo yaakakudza vatsoropodzi uye akanga filmed muna 1981. Firimu zvakafanana zita akava repamusoro mubayiro - the "Oscar". Muna 1985, kuti kupenda "The Clan of Cave Bear" akasikwa, iyo inotaura kuti musikana yemhuri afa Cro-Magnon wavo rudzi yakava vakadzidza Neanderthals.

New dzomufirimu kuna vekare vanhu, akasikwa 2010. Ndicho "The Last Neanderthal murume" - nyaya eo asara oga akapona mhando. Mumufananidzo uyu, chinokonzera rufu Homo neanderthalensis vakava kwete Cro-Magnons, uyo akarwiswa dzavo kupaka mugove uye kuurayiwa, asi ane chirwere USINGAZIKAMWI. Pane Ari kufunga mukana kuitwa kuti Neanderthals uye Homo sapiens. Filmed mune inonzi manyorerwo uye ostensibly pahwaro yakanaka nesayenzi.

Uyezve, Neanderthals nyaya mafirimu akawanda, ndichizivisa upenyu hwavo, basa, tsika, uye kufunga kutsakatika dzidziso.