Ndiani akasika helicopter, mugore ripi?

Sezvo nhoroondo inoratidza, kunyorwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvivako hazvisi nyore kana kuti hazvigoneki kutanga. Shure kwezvose, pfungwa imwechete inogona kubuda kune vanhu avo vakaparadzana nemazana kana zviuru zvemakiromita. Izvo pamusoro apa ndezvechokwadi pamusoro pemubvunzo wekuti ndiani akagadzira yekutanga helikopta, sezvo ichizivikanwa pamusoro pevasayendisiti vazhinji vane ruzivo, injinki nevagadziri vakagadzirira pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira ndege nekutora zvakananga.

Prehistory

Izvo zvakaoma kutaura zvakananga mugore ripi iyo helicopter yakagadzirwa, sezvo zvakaoma kuziva chirevo chacho. Kana tichitaura pamusoro pechiratidzo chekugadzira chigadzirwa chakakoshesa zvichienderana nemhepo inotenderera, iyo yakanyorwa kare yakanyorwa pamusoro pechinhu ichocho inopfuura makore 1600. Icho chaiva chiduku chevana vaduku sechimiro chemakumbo nemagetsi pamagumo, ayo aisungirirwa pakati pemichindwe, akapa spin uye akasunungurwa, mushure mokunge yakasimuka kwechinguva chiduku. Hapana kushanda kwekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa ichi kwakabva kwawanikwa, uye chakakanganwa kwenguva refu.

Leonardo da Vinci

Kunyange zvazvo zita rekunakisisa kweruzivo rwekare rusingatauri pakati peavo vanodanwa pavanopindura mubvunzo wekuti ndiani akagadzira helikopta, pane imwe yemifananidzo yakagadzirwa noruoko rwake muna 1475 kune ndege inenge yakakura. Leonardo akafungidzira kuti nzira yakadaro yaizofanira kubhururuka zvichienda kumusoro kana propeller yake ichitanga kufamba ichishandisa simba remuviri wemutyairi.

M. Lomonosov

Mushure memakore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemana, nzira iyo, iyo inogona kudanwa sekufananidzira mini-helicopter, yakaumbwa muRussia. Munyori waro aiva Mikhail Lomonosov, uyo akasarudza kugadzira zvigadziriro zvinokwanisa kusimudzira thermometers nezvimwe zviridzwa zvakakosha pakuitisa mapurisa emapurisa kusvika kumusoro. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kunyange muenzaniso wakatangwa, wakatanga kubva pamagetsi, asi miedzo yaro haina kubudirira. Chero zvaive, kunyange zvazvo pasina chikonzero chekutenda kuti wokutanga kugadzira helikopta aiva M. Lomonosov, mutemo wekudzima purogiramu yakagadziriswa pamakwikwi akaumbwa naye achiri kushandiswa nhasi uye inonzi inoshandiswa pasi rose.

Nhamba yokutanga ndege

Muna 1860, muFrance, G. Pontin d'Amecour akagadzira ndege, yakanga ine makona maviri ecoaxial uye yakagadzirirwa ine injini yemhepo. Maedzo ake akanga asingabudiriri, uye mishonga yakanga isina kumbokwanisa kugadzira zvishoma, sezvakaitwa nemuumbi.

Mamiriro acho akachinja nekuuya kwemagetsi engoro, ayo akanga ane simba uye akaremerwa kudarika mhepo. Nyamavhuvhu 29, 1907 ndiyo yekutanga yekutiza. Yakagadzirwa nemotokari yeGyroplane isina kunyorwa, yakagadzirwa naLouis naJacques Breguet, nechitsigiri chezvinyorwa zveProfesa S. Richet. Yakatora nguva inopfuura miniti. Panguva imwecheteyo, mishonga yakakwanisa kuzvibvisa kubva pasi chete ne 50 cm Pasinei nekubudirira, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti kana dzichipindura mubvunzo wekuti ndiani akagadzira helicopter, munhu haagoni kutumidza zita revaki veGyroplane, sezvo kutiza kwake kwakanga kusingagoni kudzora, uye iyo pachake pachayo Nguva yekudzoka yakanga iri pa leash.

Nhamba yokutanga inomhanya

Muna 1907 mutauro weFrance Paul Cornu ndiye wekutanga kugadzira helikopta, iyo yakasimudza muumbi wayo mumhepo. Mushandisi uyu akanga ari kumhanya kwemasekondi maviri chete uye akazosvika kureba kwemasendimita 50. Panguva imwe chete, Cornu akaedza kudzora chigadzirwa, asi hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti akabudirira.

Uyezve nhoroondo yezvakagadzirwa nehelicopter

Kwemakore anoverengeka, varimi nevanjiniya vave vasina kukwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutarisira ndege yakadaro. Kutendeuka kwaiva muna 1911, apo BN Yuryev akava iye akaumba helikopta nehanzvadzi yekufamba. Iyo nzira yekupedzisira inoshandiswa mumunda wekugadzira ndege kunhasi.

Muna 1922, Purofesa G. Botezat, uyo akatamira kubva kuRussia kuenda kuUnited States mushure mekugadzirisa, akavaka helikopta yakatanga kutaridzika pasi, yakatumirwa neUnited States Army. Zvisinei, paakamuka mumhepo kusvika pakakwirira mamita mashanu, akakwanisa kuramba ari mundiza kwemaminetsi mashoma.

Kufambira mberi mune helicopter industry

Mumakore anotevera, marekodhi akawanda akaiswa kwenguva uye mararamiro emafambisi. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura:

• Nhoroondo yeArginine Raul Pateras Pescara, uyo akakunda kure nemakiromita 736 mune helicopter yemuumbi wake;
• Yakareba kupfuura iyo nguva (1924) kufamba kwemvura kwemaminitsi manomwe nemaminitsi 40, yakagadzirirwa neFrench E. Emisenom;
• Nhoroondo yeItaly helicopter D'Ascanio, yakakunda kure nemakiromita anopfuura 1 muna 1930;
• Nhamba yepamhanya (100 km / h), yakaiswa muna 1935 neGyroplane.

Ndiani akasika yekutanga helikopta munyika?

Zvinotendwa kuti mukupindura mubvunzo uyu, zita remusayendisiti-muumbi wezvikwata Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky anofanira kutumidzwa. Nguva refu kusati kwatanga kusikwa kwezvisikwa zvake zvikuru-nyika yekutanga yehelicopter yakasara - yakasika yakanyanya kupfuura panguva iyoyo 4-injini ndege "Russian Knight". Mukuwedzera, iye anewo nzvimbo yekutanga mukugadzirwa kwe transatlantic hydroplanes.

Kudzoka muna 1931 Sikorsky ane kodzero yemvumo yekugadzira ndege, yakarongeka yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo neyemhando ye helicopter yakashandiswa nhasi. Kunyanya, akashandisa kushandisa 2 propellers: iyo huru - padenga uye mubatsiri - pamuswe.

Nhamba yekutanga yekusimudzira Sikorsky helicopter - VS-300, inoshandiswa naiye pachake, yakakwira kudenga muna September 1939. Yakanga iri pombi yesimbi yepambiri yakakura ine jongwe rakasununguka kune mutyairi. Ndege yakanga ine simba remaita makumi mashanu. With. Uye yakanga yakagadzirirwa neInjini inouya inotenderera ne-3-blade main rotor.

Kubudirira mberi kweSikhorsky

Pakati pegore ra1941, mutambi wenhandare akaratidza helikopta yekutanga yenyika yepamusoro pachitsikisi chekutenderera, iyo kuchinjwa kwekare kare yakakurumbira panguva iyo ndege VS-300. Irotorcraft yakabuda kubva pamusoro pemvura uye yakabudirira kubudirira pasi. Nguva yekutiza kwake yaiva 1 awa awa maminitsi makumi matatu, uye kasi inosvika 100 km neawa.

Pakupedzisira, muumbi wezvikwata akaita mhando 18 ye helicopter, iyo yakatanga kubudiswa serial. Mukuwedzera, akagadzira matanho emagetsi, mafikira emamphibians ane magetsi anokonzera kugadzika, pamwe chete neanonzi mavhiri anobhururuka. Pane helicopters yakasikwa neSikorsky, trans-Atlantic uye inotenderera kuPacific ndege neyekufema mumhepo yakaitwa. Mishonga yeIjipiti yakashandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Basa rake asati abvisa Sikorsky rakapedza kusikwa kwe-helicopter ye-S-58, zvakakodzera kufungisisa helikopta yakanakisisa yezera rekutanga.

Iyezvino unoziva kuti nei zvichigamuchirwa kuti Igor Sikorsky akaumba iyo yekutanga helikopta. Panguva imwecheteyo, hazvibviri kuderedza zvakakosha zvevamwe injini nevagadziri vakazvipira kwemakore mazhinji ehupenyu hwavo kune zvakasikwa nekuvandudzwa kwe rotorcraft.