Anatomy ndechipi chesayenzi? Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemaatomy

Biology - ndeimwe chinzvimbo uye pamwero mukuru nesayenzi munyika yanhasi. Anosanganisira anoverengeka sayenzi siyana uye zvikamu, chimwe nechimwe chine pakudzidza zvimwe zvigadziriswe zvipenyu hurongwa hwavo anokosha, mamiriro, samolecular mamiriro, uye zvichingodaro.

Mumwe sayenzi izvi ndizvo chaizvo vanonakidza uye akwegura kwazvo, asi achiri chaiko nesayenzi yakaitwa.

kuti anoongorora

Anatomy - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza womukati marongerwo uye morphological zvechadenga muviri womunhu uye kubudirira kwevanhu mukufamba phylogeny, ontogeny uye anthropogenesis.

Nyaya yokudzidza yakaitwa ndiko:

• chimiro nomuviri womunhu uye ayo nhengo dzose;
• sechivako nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu uye muviri;
• kwakabva vanhu;
• Kugadzirwa mumwe nomumwe muviri (ontogeny).

The chinhu sayenzi iyi wenyama uye zvose zvayo iripo panze uye mukati zviri chacho.

Anatomy sezvo zvesayenzi kwakasimbiswa kwenguva refu, sezvo kufarira marongerwo uye kushanda zvomukati kwaikosha nokuti munhu nguva dzose. Zvisinei, anatomi ano vanosanganisira vanoverengeka chokuita nzvimbo zvipenyu, izvo kune chokuita nacho, uye vanoonekwa kuti kazhinji kunzwisisa. Ndivo nharaunda yakaitwa, akadai:

1. Enderana Anatomy.
2. Topographical kana zvomusejari.
3. Simba.
4. Plastic.
5. Age.
6. Kuenzanisa.
7. Pathological.
8. Clinical.

Saka, vanhu anatomi - sayenzi kuti kudzidza zvose zvimwe anouya muviri womunhu marongerwo uye vasiri kwendangariro. Uyezve, sayenzi iyi hwakada kufanana uye interacts kudaro kuruka-kure nayo uye vava sayenzi kuzvimirira, yakadai se:

• Anthropology - dzidziso murume sezvo akadaro, ake nzvimbo munyika yacho makemikari nyika uye kudyidzana pamwe kwenzanga uye zvakatipoteredza. Social uye zvoutachiona zvechadenga munhu, kuziva, psyche, hunhu, maitiro.
• Physiology - sayenzi zvose kwemasayendisiti kuitika mukati muviri (the zvigadziriswe kurara uye takamuka, braking uye kutyaira, tsinga nomunhu uye vakabata pavo, huta uye humoral murau, uye nezvimwewo).
• Okufananidza anatomi - inotaura kudzidza embryo pakukura uye maumbirwo siyana nadzo uye avo hurongwa, apo achienzanisa tuvana mhuka mumakirasi siyana taxa.
• Shanduka pfungwa - dzidziso matangiro uye kukura murume kubvira panguva pakuonekwa nyika kusvikira nhasi (phylogeny), uyewo uchapupu kubatana yose biomass yedu.
• Dzinza rako - kudzidza majini evanhu code, okuchengetera zvigadziriswe uye kuchinjwa masero mashoko nezvizvarwa.

Somugumisiro, tinoona kuti vanhu anatomi - iri zvachose zvinopindirana kunzwisisa mubatanidzwa sayenzi zhinji. Pamusana ravo basa vanhu vanoziva zvakawanda pamusoro womunhu muviri uye zvose zvayo zvigadziriswe.

History yakaitwa

Unosvikowana midzi yawo anatomi kare. Pashure pezvose, zvakabva pakaita murume aifarira kuziva zviri mukati make sei, kana kurwadziwa, bleeds, chii, nei munhu anofema, anorara, anodya. Mibvunzo iyi yose haunted nhengo vekare vakawanda rwevanhu.

Zvisinei, mhinduro dzavo havana kuuya pakarepo. Zvakatora anopfuura zana kuunganidza vanoverengeka yokungotaura uye anoshanda zivo yakakwana uye kupa zvizere uye hwakadzama pakupindura mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro womunhu.

History yakaitwa iri conditionally rakakamurwa huru zvitatu nguva:

• Anatomy zvenyika yekare;
• Anatomy of Ages;
• nguva itsva.

Ngationgororei danho rimwe nerimwe zvizere.

kare

Peoples uyo akazova havaoni nesayenzi yakaitwa, vanhu vokutanga vanofarira, uye tsanangura sechivako zvomukati - ndiro kare vaGiriki, vaRoma, vaIjipiti navaPeresia. Vamiriri kwenzanga izvi chamuita kuti anatomi somunhu sainzi, kuenzaniswa anatomi uye embryology uye shanduka, uye zvepfungwa. Kunyatsoongorora mipiro yavo iri muchimiro tafura.

Middle Ages

Nguva iyi kunoratidzwa Kuvhiringidza uye kuderera kukura chero chipi of Sciences, uyewo pakudzorwa yeChechi, izvo akarambidza kwetsinga, kutsvakurudza uye kudzidza anatomi remhuka, riri kuonekwa chivi. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuchinja uye Zvakawanikwa munguva ino haina akaita.

Asi Renaissance, Ukuwo, akapa zvakawanda zvakasimbisa mushonga ano uye anatomi. Mupiro mukuru nemasayendisiti matatu:

1. Leonardo da Vinci. Inogona kunzi muvambi epurasitiki anatomi. Ndikarangarira unyanzvi matarenda avo kubatsira kuripo, zvaakasika anopfuura 700 vanodhirowa, zvakarurama unoratidza tsandanyama ari marangwanda. miviri yavo kwakaita nzvimbo yacho anatomi anovaratidza zvakajeka uye zvakarurama. Kushanda kuita chinhu kuvhuya chitunha.
2. Yakov Silvius. Mudzidzisi anatomists vazhinji modernity ake. Akazarura muforo muuropi mamiriro.
3. Andeas Vesalius. A chiremba unyanzvi chaizvo, makore akawanda wakayeriswa kunyatsodzidza yakaitwa. Ake zvakawanika rwaiitwa pahwaro ari kuvhuya chitunha, zvakawanda mapfupa pana kumakuva yacho yakaunganidzwa zvinhu. kuti upenyu hwake basa - bhuku mavhoriyumu nomwe, "On nemamiriro womunhu muviri." mabasa ake zvakakonzera kushorwa pakati vakawanda, sezvo manzwisisiro ake yakaitwa - ari sainzi, izvo zvinofanira kudzidzwa uchidzidzira. Izvi zvaipesana mabasa Galen, vaiva iyoyo iri shoma.
4. Vilyam Garvey. basa rake guru raiva bhuku "The anatomical kudzidza inofamba mumoyo uye neropa remhuka." Akatanga akaratidza kuti ropa zvinopfakanyika chinorura pedenderedzwa midziyo, kubva makuru maduku kuburikidza duku sepombi. asiwo ndohwaJehovha wokutanga okuti mhuka dzose anova kubva zai, uye ayo kukura kwacho anotevera nhoroondo kukura zvose zvipenyu zvose zvavo (ano biogenetic mutemo).
5. Fallopian, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - mazita masayendisiti munguva ino, akapa basa rake mufananidzo wakakwana zviri anatomi kwevanhu. Uyu mupiro chaizvo, izvo chamuita kuti kutanga ano kukura nesayenzi ichi.

nguva itsva

Nguva iyi zvinoreva XIX - XX emakore uye kunoratidzwa dzinoverengeka inokosha chaizvo zvakawanwa. Vose vaigona akaita nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa maikorosikopu kuonga. Marcello Malpighi akawedzera uye akaratidza kushanda kuti pane imwe nguva vakafanotaura Harvey - kuvapo capillaries. Scientist Shymlanskaya akasimbisa kuti ake basa, uyewo yakaonekwa kuti ndeyechokwadi uye cyclical kuvhara zviri kweropa hurongwa.

Uyewo, vakawanda zvakawanwa kubvumirwa pachena muudzame pfungwa "anatomi". Aya mabasa anotevera:

• Galvani Luidzhi. munhu uyu akaita mupiro wakakura kuti kukura wefizikisi uyewo magetsi akazarurwa. Zvisinei, iye akakwanisa kuona pamberi magetsi nomunhu munyama zvemhuka. Saka akava muvambi electrophysiology.
• Caspar Wolf. Iye akapikisa dzidziso preformation, vakati kuti mitumbi zvose zviripo ari kuderedzwa chimiro iri utachiona mumasero, uye ipapo chete kukura. Akava muvambi embryogenesis.
• Louis Pasteur. Pashure pemakore kuedza kwakaratidza ariko mabhakitiriya. Dzakabudirira nzira kubaya.
• Zhan Batist Lamark. Akaita mupiro kukuru kune shanduka dzidziso. Akatanga akataura kuti munhu, kufanana zvipenyu zvose, anova pasi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza.
• Carl Baer. Akazarura utachiona musero munhukadzi muviri, akarondedzera utachiona akaturikidzana , uye chamuita kuti kukura ruzivo pamusoro ontogenesis.
• Charles Darwin. Akaita mupiro wakakura kuti pave nedzidziso yokuti uye akatsanangura kwakabva murume. Akaratidzawo kubatana zvose zvipenyu panyika.
• Pizza, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - mazita masayendisiti XIX-XX remakore Russian, zvaakapiwa zvakakwana pfungwa kuti yakaitwa - ari sainzi, misoro, multi-faceted uye nzwisisika. basa ravo kunodiwa kuti mushonga munzvimbo dzakawanda. Vaiva mapiyona ari zvigadziriswe pakati kutapata, wakakwidzwa huta basa, musana uye huta murau, uyewo vazhinji nhau genetics. Severtsov mirayiridzo kuripo rakaumbwa - shanduka Morphology, iyo yakavakirwa pachishandiswa ari biogenetic mutemo (vanyori - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Muller).

kukura kwake zvose izvi vanhu uye yaanofanira anatomi. Biology - iri sainzi yakaoma, asi anatomi ndiye wedangwe uye chinokosha zvikuru kwavari, nekuti zvinokanganisawo anokosha - utano hwevanhu.

Chii zvekuchipatara anatomi

Clinical anatomi - ane chikamu zvenguva pakati topographic uye kuvhiya anatomi. It anoona sechivako mukuru mibvunzo imwe nhengo. Somuenzaniso, panyaya iri dokeriro, chiremba pamberi kuvhiya zvinokosha kuziva zvinonyatsorehwa mamiriro ezvinhu nhengo mumuviri, nayo hwakabatana uye kuti interacts nedzimwe miviri.

Nhasi, chiremba anatomi kwakapararira zvikuru. kazhinji Unogona kuwana mashoko Clinical anatomi mhino, pharynx, huro, kana mumwe muviri. Ndizvo Clinical Anatomy kungovaudza kubva chii zvinoumba wakabatanidza muviri, apo riri, chii miganhu, chii basa, uye zvichingodaro.

Mumwe chiremba yakamanikana Profile anoziva zvakazara kunotoda anatomi muviri, iro rinoshanda. Ndiyo musimboti akabudirira kurapwa.

anatomi

Anatomy - chimwe chikamu nesayenzi kuti anobata nokudzidza ontogenesis kwevanhu. Ndiko, muchifunga zvose kwemasayendisiti pematanho kubva panguva yokunambwa uye embryo pachikuva kusvikira pakuguma upenyu kutenderera - rufu. Panyaya iyi, mukuru hwaro nemakore yakaitwa uye embryology ndiyo gerontology.

Muvambi ichi chikamu anatomi anogona kunzi Karl Bara. Ndiye wokutanga akataura pamusoro nomumwe kukura chipenyu chose. Gare gare izvi chainzi ontogeny.

Age anatomi zvinopa tikanzwisisa zvigadziriswe nokukwegura, izvo zvinokosha mushonga.

okufananidza anatomi

Okufananidza Anatomy - sayenzi, ane chikuru chinangwa ndiko kuratidza kubatana zvose zvipenyu panyika. Zvakananga, kudzidza ichi zvaisanganisira kuenzanisa Tuvana akasiyana kwemarudzi (kwete chete mhando asiwo zvidzidzo taxa) uye kuziva nevakawanda mapatani ari kukura.

Okufananidza anatomi uye physiology - izvi kufanana yakarongeka, kudzidza mumwe mubvunzo rwakafanana: sei kutarisa uye richishanda Tuvana rezvisikwa siyana tichienzanisa mumwe?

kukuvadzwa anatomi

Pathological anatomi - kunodzidzisa nesayenzi hanya pakudzidza pathological pezvakaitwa mumasero uye nyama yacho munhu. Izvi zvinopa mukana kudzidza zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, kuona kubata kuerera pamusoro muviri uye, naizvozvo, kuti kuwana kurapa.

Mabasa pathological anatomi zvinotevera:

• kudzidza zvinokonzera zvirwere siyana muvanhu;
• funga zvigadziriswe pakati chiitiko chavo uye nzira panguva cellular chechetere;
• ziva zvose zvinobvira yematambudziko ari pathologies uye chirwere nei embodiments;
• Kuongorora nzira rufu nehosha;
• kuongorora zvikonzero ineffectiveness pakati mishonga pathologies.

Muvambi chirango ichi Rudolf Virchow. Kuti hwasimbiswa cellular pfungwa, kutaura pamusoro pokumuka nezvirwere pachiyero masero uye nyama dzemuviri.

zvenharaunda anatomi

Topographic anatomi - kurangwa nesayenzi, zvimwe kunzi zvomusejari. Its hwaro ndiko kuparadzana womunhu muviri pamusoro anatomical nzvimbo, mumwe nomumwe riri mumwe rutivi rwomuviri: musoro, muviri kana maoko nemakumbo.

The chikuru zvebasa sayenzi iyi ndiwo:

• uchida mamiriro neimwe nharaunda;
• Syntopy miviri (urongwa hwavo hama kune mumwe nomumwe);
• kubatana miviri ganda (golotopiya);
• ropa wedzerai nomumwe anatomical nharaunda;
• node kuyerera;
• huta murau;
• skeletopy (hama kuti marangwanda).

matambudziko ose aya aumba pasi nenhungamiro: muchidzidza, kufungisisa zvirwere, pathologies, zera uye munhu zvechadenga muviri.