Ndiani aiva wokutanga nyika wechesi shasha? World Chess Champions pakati pavanhu

Kunyange muIjipiti yekare ainakidzwa wechesi, sezvinoratidzwa parusvingo mifananidzo yacho nguva. In kare, yeOlympic yakaitwa uye Tournaments siyana, saka hazviiti ikozvino kutaura akanga wokutanga nyika wechesi shasha panguva. Chimwe kuongorora kuitika munzvimbo iyi vakatanga chete kubvira Middle Ages, pavanotanga kuparidza bhuku rokutanga kuti wechesi zvinzvimbo uye unyanzvi game, uye vakabata zvikuru nokurongeka makwikwi.

Background hombe Chess makwikwi

Nechekare kuMiddle Ages pakanga mapepa kwesayenzi uchiratidza mu-Kunyatsoongorora mutambo. Zvinogoneka kuti vanyori mabhuku aya kunge abuda vakundi mune Tournaments dzakawanda. Saka akarasika uye akapotsa womweya vaiona basa Frantsiska Visenta, rakabudiswa muna 1495 muna Valencia. Asi hwakawanda huripo basa Damiano, rakabudiswa muRoma muna 1512, Auerbach akati chete plagiarize bhuku Vicente.

Chimwe anozivikanwa munyori akanga Luis Ramirez of Lucena, uyo akabudisa bhuku rake muna 1497 muna Salamanca. Kuti candidacy yake zhinji funga zvikuru kukodzera kana tichifunga akanga wokutanga nyika wechesi shasha.

Tournaments uye mitambo rechi16 - pezana remakore rechi19

Hwakavimbika vhidhiyo uchapupu zvakakomba zviitiko chokuita mutambo kuRoma muna 1560 ndimo Kumukundi akauya Ruy Lopez of Mastercard, uyo akakunda hwakasimba wechesi vatambi nguva. The Madrid International Chess Congress yakaitwa 1575, wakapfuura mudare raMambo Philip II. Pano vakarova Giovanni Leonardo Da Cutro kubva kuItaly.

Best yakanakisisa kubva 1619 kwainzi Dzhoakino Greko. mutambi Izvi vakaenda kunyika dzakasiyana, kusanganisira France, Italy, England, Spain uye America, yakahwina ose akasimba vatambi.

Muzana remakore rechi18 yakakurumbira wechesi vakundi akadai Kermyur ari pamutemo uye Andre Philidor Frantsua Danikan. Wokutanga zvikuru asingakanganwiki bato pamwe Saint Bris, apo iye kufanorongwa rakasiyana rukukwe (bonde iri pamutemo vainzi) ari mutambo pasina chikepe. Philidor achiri muduku akapa nzira nomutemo, asi muna 1747 mushure London machisi naFiripi Stamm zvakanakisisa mutambi.

An dzinonakidza mutambo Lui Sharlya Harare of Louis-Charles Harare de La Bourdonnais pamwe A. MacDonnell, iyo yakaitwa 1834 muLondon. WeNobel aiva Louis-Charles Harare de La Bourdonnais, kunyange mutambo akambomiswa. Zvegore, uyewo muLondon, Louis-Charles Harare de La Bourdonnais akarasikirwa mitambo vaviri Alexander Mc Donnell. The mutambo muna 1843 muLondon, apo Pierre Sharl Furne of Saint-Amand akafamba Howard Staunton haana kudaro chakajeka. Iyoyo anonzi kupera. Staunton akatsiva pamusoro Saint-Amand pamusoro machisi kuParis iri chete muna 1843, kuramba munhu shasha. Muna 1949, kuti mutambo waiitwa muLondon panguva ndichigogodza-kubva mugadziriro, rekutanga Genri Tomas Buckle.

Kutanga hutsva nguva wechesi

New yasimuka mu wechesi ndiyo nguva kubva 1851, apo paiva mukuru Adolf Anderssen, uyo akakunda muLondon nokuda ndichigogodza-kunze hurongwa. At Tournament ichi kubva kunyika dzose vakakokwa shasha chete. Saka Anderson aigona vanotiwo kuti uyo akatanga nyika wechesi shasha.

Vatevera inopenya nyeredzi akwira Morphy muna 1858. Iye vakakwanisa kuhwina mutambo Andersen kuParis. mutambi uyu akava goridhe korona uye sirivha korona muna 1859 muna Boston.

Official Chess Champions pakati pavanhu

Kwakabva pamutemo makwikwi nyika yose ichiri kunzi muna 1866, apo watsvedza magwaro anonzi "ushasha nyika". Izvi akabvumira kurega kuvabvunzeiko ndiani akatanga nyika wechesi shasha. Wedzerai-mberi pakaziviswa chaizvo Vilgelm Steynits, uyo akakunda machisi ichi Andersen.

Asi kubva 1867 kusvika 1883 nyika Championships haana mabasa, kunyange zvazvo Kolisch mazita Vinaver, Neumann uye Chigorin akaita kare. Vanobatanidzwa pamazita Champions Ioganna Tsukertorta, uyo akakunda Super mutambo muLondon muna 1883

Yechipiri muna wechesi shasha yakanga 1894, yokuGermany Emanuel Lasker, uyo akakunda US Steinitz. Kunyange zvazvo super-mutambo 1895 muna Hastings, akatamira munzvimbo wechitatu, asi Kumukundi ari mutambo shasha, Harry Nelson Pillsbury haana zvakaziviswa. Asi Lasker akakunda mune Super Tournaments muSt Petersburg muna 1914 uye muna New York muna 1924

Muna 1921 Lasker vakarasikirwa musoro Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca. Akava rinotevera shasha Aleksandr Alehin, Capablanca akakunda muna 1927. The mutambo muna 1935 yakahwina Dutch Mahgilis Euwe, Alekhine akakwanisa kurova, asi kwete chete, asi tichibatsirwa grandmasters inotungamirwa Lasker. Muna 1937 Alekhine akatangazve musoro, akasara Undefeated shasha kusvikira parufu rwake, mumwe wechesi mutambi muchetura muna 1946

Kubvira 1948, World Chess Federation (Fide) atora pamusoro sangano remachisa, apo pakutsvaga nyika ushasha. Muna 1948, iye vakakunda Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR). Akanga yakatsiviwa compatriot Vassily Smyslov muna 1957. Muna 1960 akabuda Kumukundi Mikhail Tal (USSR). Muna 1963 Botvinnik vakarova Tigran Petrosian (USSR), uyo akafirwa muna 1969 Borisu Spasskomu. The kukunda muna 1972 vakaenda American Bobby Fischer. Zvino paiva Russian Anatoly Karpov muna 1975, uye muna 1985 akazvirova Garry Kasparov.

Nemateru makata okupedzisira emakore

Pakati 1992 uye 2006, vane kujeka nguva. Muna 1993, Kasparov vakakavadzana Fide, akanga aibvisa zita rokuti (shasha muna 1992 vakatanga kufunga Fisher), uye akasika yake sungano - Professional Chess Association. Under sangano idzva, Kasparov yakahwina pamusoro Short uye akava shasha muna 1993 maererano PCA uye Fide aiva Karpov wokutanga. Saka pakutanga kwezana remakore vaiva hwakasimba Vatsigiri wechesi Kasparov, Karpov, Fisher.

Next, pamanyorerwo ari Fide ndichigogodza-panze hurongwa akasarudzwa, uko vaitsigira akadai Khalifman, Anand, Ponomariov, Kasimdzhanov, Topalov. PCA zvakare akaputsa sungano ushasha pakuzivikanwa nokuda chaiwo version (akunde achitonga shasha), apo Kramnik vakarova Kasparov muna 2000. Asi muna 2006 aiva kubatana machisi pakati Vanotsigira zvose shanduro apo Kramnik akakunda Topalov ave undisputed nyika shasha.

Muna 2007 vakava akasimba Viswanathan Anand. Muna 2013, iye chikatsiviwa Magnus Carlsen.

The yakanakisisa chesi vatambi yepasi

Kana chesi vaitsigira pakati pevanhu anogona kurondwa shure emakore, vakadzi achishingaira muchirongwa makwikwi vakatanga kutora ichangopfuura. It unotara kubva 1927, apo London akanga pamutemo wakaitwa Vakadzi Championship nyika akamboona. Vera Menchik - wokutanga nyika wechesi shasha. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti, sezvo mwanasikana Czech uye mukadzi Chirungu, akaberekwa uye makore 15, aigara muMoscow, asi zvino akatamira nevabereki vake kuEngland. Menchik akasimbisa zita rake machisi zhinji uye Tournaments inoitiswa mumaguta akasiyana munyika munguva kubvira 1927 kusvika 1939, asi muna 1944 iye akafa, uye akaramba shasha.

Chimwe shasha yakanga Soviet wechesi mutambi Lyudmila Rudenko muna 1950, apo payakatanga nyika ushasha machisa. It chikatsiviwa compatriot Elizabeth Bykov muna 1953. Chimwe Soviet wechesi mutambi Olga Rubtsov akayanana musoro muna 1956, asi zvakare akarasika kuti nzombe muna 1958, ndokubereka yakanakisisa munyika sezvo vatambi Soviet, asi kubva Georgia: Nona Gaprindashvili muna 1962 uye Maya Chiburdanidze 1978

Chete muna 1991 raiva yakasimba Chinese Xie Jun, basa kuvamumwe Hungary Zsuzsa Polgar muna 1996 uye akamuka zvakare pamusoro muna 1999. Muna 2001, akava shasha Zhu Chen China muna 2004 kusvika nani kuziva Antoaneta Stefanova kubva kuBulgaria , zvakanaka, uye muna 2006 akava wokutanga Chinese Syuy Yuyhua. Muna 2008, wokuRussia akunda musoro Alexandra Kosteniuk, akabudirira 2010 Chinese Hou Yifan.

Muna 2012, Ukrainian Anna Ushenina kuhwina musoro, asi muna 2013 kwakanga zvakare nani Hou Yifan.