Ndezvipi zvinhu akadana aldehydes uye ketones? Kushandiswa aldehydes

Compounds ane ayo maumbirwo rimwe carbonyl boka vari aldehydes kana ketones. The aldehydes (RCOH) boka carbonyl riri waakaita kuti yeHydrocarbon kukuru uye mumwe rehydrogen atomu. Zvikasadaro, unogona kutaura kuti izvi zvinhu dzine boka aldehyde (-COH), umo carbonyl centre hwakabatana rehydrogen atomu. The ketones (RCOR '), vaviri yeHydrocarbon radicals waakaita kuti carbonyl boka. The zita kunobva aldehyde acids, umo oxidation vari vatendeuka, semuenzaniso, svosve (formaldehyde), ethyl (acetaldehyde), propionaldehyde, butyric, valeric aldehydes. Maererano dzakawanda Nomenclature inonzi aldehydes: ethanal, propanal. Mazita rokuremekedza ketone fomu radicals, kuti zviri akawedzera nowakachenjera ketone. Somuenzaniso, dimethyl ketone (acetone), methyl ethyl ketone. Title dzakawanda Nomenclature ketone kunobva kuwedzera yeHydrocarbon kuvhara -Mumwe, uye pfungwa kuda kubva carbonyl boka kunoratidza nhamba, somuenzaniso 2-propanone, 2-butanone. Kushandisa aldehydes uye ketones, nokuda kwavo mumuviri makemikari zvivako.

Aldehydes dzakazara makemikari kemisitiri. zvinonhuhwirira zhinji chokuita izvi zvinhu. Aldehydes vane ehupfumi izvo siyana uye kuvimba yakakura vanoumba yacho Morekuru. Lower Rinomiririra - formic aldehyde - gasi, tevera - mvura, zvinhu zvakaoma yakawanda. Formaldehyde uye acetaldehyde zviri kwazvo soluble nemvura, asi solubility kuti dzimwe homologs shoma kuwedzera samolecular uremu. Formic uye acetic aldehydes vane kunzwa zvakanaka. Properties uye kushandiswa aldehydes nokuda kwe Morekuru wavo carbonyl boka.

Two dzakaderera nhengo ichi homologous dzino mu "kushandiswa aldehydes" zvinokosha kuti indasitiri mutengo - ndiko formaldehyde uye acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde rinobudiswa pamwero, vanenge mamiriyoni 6. Matani / gore. Zvinonzi ainyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti. Vakazvigadzirirwa polycondensation pamusoro urea , urea-formaldehyde nebwe zvinodiwa zvaAtemisi nokusanzwira PARTICIPLE mapuranga, urea-formaldehyde furo, nokuti nokuita akanyorova simba bepa kana paperboard. Chimwe kushandiswa anokosha aldehyde kwakavakirwa zvakaitwa formaldehyde pamwe phenol polycondensation. Pamusana acho phenol formaldehyde nebwe (Bakelite) ndiro risingaenzaniswi zvinhu, riri kudiwa mune zvokuimba engineering, iri kugadzirwa kwezvinhu hasha magetsi zvigadzirwa, zviri kugadzirwa lacquers uye adhesives. Yakagadzirirwa kubvira formaldehyde mishonga kugadzirira (formaldehyde mhinduro inozivikanwa formalin, rinoshandiswa mukurapa), chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, zvinoputika uye vazhinji nevamwe Organic zvinhu.

Acetaldehyde aimbova rave chigadzirwa, asi kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu vaiva pasi, zvino zvibereko zvishoma pane mamiriyoni 1. Tani / gore. Kare, achishandisa tsika acetaldehyde akanga mbishi zvokuvakisa acetic acid. Izvi Chikumbiro acetaldehyde yakaderera mumakore achangopfuura, nekuti acetic asidhi anogadzirwa zvakanyanya kubva methanol (Monsanto muitiro uye Cativa muitiro). Kubva omunyori condensation kuita, acetaldehyde inokosha mbishi zvinhu nokuda pyridine nomukaka zviri pentaerythritol uye crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde inoda kuti pagadzirwe mapurasitiki (anobatsira Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti kugadzirirwa kubva urea uye acetaldehyde).

Dzimwe nhengo ichi homologous dzino vari uyewo kudiwa mumusika. kushandiswa Commercial pamusoro aldehydes rinowanzoshandiswa vari kushandiswa sezvo mbishi zvinhu nokuda kwetunhu oxo alcohols zvaishandiswa pakugadzira detergents. Vamwe aldehydes yakakwirira anobudiswa mune zvizhinji diki (matani asingasviki 1000 / gore) uye senzira yeshoko zvokubikisa mu zvinonhuhwira. Izvi zvinosanganisira nekinamoni nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka, uye citral lilial.