Kudhipotwa - chii ichi? Pokubudiswa munyika yokumwe zvizvarwa, vanotama uye marudzi ose - ndezvipi zvikonzero?

Kudzingwa kana kudzingwa sechinhu vakaparadzana nevanhu zvikurukuru uye vanhu vakawanda kunze munyika tsika, hurumende kazhinji, zvikuru kakawanda kupfuura zvinoita pakutanga kuaona. Kudhipotwa - chaizvoizvo pamutemo izwi rinoreva kubviswa pakati nzvimbo yavo zvachose dzokugara. Uye pre-kupomera mhosva: ngozi munzanga!

Mune USSR,

Kudhipotwa - the kudzingwa, bhuku (kubva rechiLatin rokuti «deportatio»). Imwe yacho huru features, somuenzaniso, muna USSR kazhinji vasiri dare hunhu, uyewo kufamba vakawanda vanhu kure uye munharaunda yakakura yaisazoraramika nzvimbo munyika. Maererano nedzimwe venhoroondo, pokutapwa marudzi chakaitwa kushanda marudzi gumi aimbova USSR: asi vokuKorea, Finns, vanhu vokuGermany, Kalmyks, Karachai, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Meskhetian vokuTurkey. Vamwe vavo panguva imwe chete kunyimwa kwavo National kuzvionera! Asi, chokwadi, pasi kumanikidzwa kwemahofisi, uye vamwe vazhinji - social uye dzinza - Mapato vemunyika Soviet Union. Cossacks, kulaks, Chinese, Poles, Latvians, Estonians, vokuArmenia, Tajiks ... Kazhinji, kukura, sezvo nguva dzose, chaizvo!

nyaya

Tinogona kutaura, pokutapwa - mumwe mutemo kudzingwa uye kwevanhu. Zvino akatanga muna 1918 -1925 makore. kumanikidzwa misha of White Guard Cossacks, uyewo Varidzi guru. Vakatumirwa kuna Donbass, North Caucasus uye Far North. nyika yavo yakanga agoiswa Ingush uye Chechens.

Munguva 30s munyika ichiri kushanda zvikoro apo kudzidzisa chiri kuitwa mumitauro yacho yakasiyana vemarudzi. Somuenzaniso, muna Leningrad, yakabudiswa mapepanhau mumitauro makumi mana (kusanganisira Chinese)! Uye vakanga kutepfenyurwa muna Finnish (zhinji mhenyu Leningrad Region wevamiriri norudzi urwu). Asi kumwe pakati pezana 30 hurumende waives rapfuura nenyika kuti zvibviswe enyika uye zvetsika kuzvionera dzemadzinza dzavanhu. Izvi zvinoitika pamusoro pakanyorwa vanachandagwinyira centralization simba munyika, uende udzvanyiriri pakati dzingangoitika uye chaiyo kupikiswa. Kusungwa vokuGermany, Finns, Estonians uye Latvians muna Leningrad. Kubva pamuganhu nechisimba vakadzingwa vanhu vemo (ruzhinji - the Finns). Matanda uye vokuGermany (mhuri gumi nezviviri - kusvika 65 000 vanhu) vakadzingwa kubva Ukraine, kubva kundima yakabatana kumuganhu pamwe Poland - muKazakhstan uye kuKaraganda. Panoperera gumi zvachose yakanyikwa-kusvika racho wokudhinda uye mabhuku mumitauro enyika, zvishoma nezvishoma zvachose vose National musha makanzuru nemaruwa.

Kutapwa Korean vanhu

Akanga rokutanga muSoviet Union. Ndokusaka - uye zvikuru kugadzirira. The kudzingwa kwakaitika nechisimba, kuburikidza NKVD mauto ari "mitoro chitima", mune zvakaipisisa ezvinhu, izvo zvakaita kuti vaifanira nhamba vaifira munzira. Somugumisiro, 172,000 vokuKorea vakasungwa kubva Far East (muganhu) muna Kazakhstan uye Uzbekistan, mhandara nyika isingagarwi murume mundima. Uye vanhu vangani vakafa!

Pokubudiswa munyika vokuGermany

Muna 1941, muna August, hurumende chirevo chakagumisa Volga German zvionera Republic. About zvina namazana vokuGermany vakasungwa (uye mazuva maviri) ari Urals, kuSiberia, muna Kazakhstan. Zvakanga pasi kumanikidzwa kwemahofisi vamiririri marudzi enyika aiva Hitler mubatanidzwa (the Finns, vaBulgaria, Hungarians). Uye muna 1942 kubva Frontline vakaburitswa vanenge zviuru makumi mana vanhu! Uyezve, vaya vakadzoka pashure pehondo, vakasungwa muna 1947-1948 zvakare.

Operation Lentil

Muna January 1944, L. P. Beriya anoti mirayiridzo inokosha sei kuitisa Resettlement vanhu ava vari Kazakhstan uye Kyrgyzstan. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Beria pachake akatarisira ichi tsotsi kuvhiyiwa umo kumwe kufungidzira kune mwero wakati haashandirwi mauto zana namakumi maviri nezviviri uye vakuru NKVD nemamwe dzakabatana. In February iye anosvika Grozny uye akasangana utungamiriri zvokuvhoterwa uye vatungamiriri vechitendero, kupa kuita regadziriro basa pakati vomunzvimbo. Uye musi February 23 rinotanga kushanda kumanikidzwa kudzingwa ane vanhu yose. Akaridza Bumbiro shoko "Panther" (radioed), izvo vasanyanya remangwana vanhu vazhinji. Kudhipotwa - nguva dzose ane marwadzo uye nhamo.

Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose vakaenda sezvo zvakanaka sezvo vaitarisira ne NKVD. Kwemahofisi Chechens uye Ingush kubva vomunzvimbo Akaperekedzwa vakawanda kupukunyuka kuedza, kuteerera zviremera. Maererano neuchapupu NKVD, akakwanisa kuvanda mumakomo vanenge zviuru zvinomwe vanhu wasungwa vapanduki anopfuura zviuru zviviri, vanenge chiuru - vakaurayiwa. "Ånd Mutemo", saka kutaura, zviremera Yakabata panguva oparesheni aiva nepfuti vanenge makumi maviri nezviviri, zvigwagwagwa uye zvigwagwagwa, dzimwe nepfuti. Uye ichi ndicho pamutemo mashoko chete! Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Chechen uye Ingush vanhu kupa dzakatsarukana nemishonga kuti mhirizhonga pamutemo ipapo zviremera.

Kutapwa Crimean Tatars

The kurudziro iyi zvisiri pamutemo kwemahofisi ane vanhu yose rakanyatsojeka dzose: pamwe chete vaNazi panguva rokurwa kuCrimea uye matambudziko evanhu ngozi. Kutapwa Tatars akatanga muna May 1944. Pakupedzisira, panguva perestroika, yakanga vakaziva mhosva uye zvisiri pamutemo uye akatongerwa muna USSR. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva Second World War akaita mamwe Tatars akayambuka kumuvengi, vachiita rokuzvipira vemauto idzodzo, nevaNazi. Asi ichi chiitiko - kwete chikonzero kudzingwa ane zvose vamiririri vanhu. Asi kunyange "akanaka" Crimean Tatars, uyo akarwa muSoviet Army, zvekare hondo mukukunda, pashure demobilization vakanga kutamiswa (akatumwa nzvimbo munyika). NKVD data, chete muna Uzbekistan, paiva zvinopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu vakamborwa of Tatars, mazhinji kare vakanga paakavapa, kunyange hurumende. Uyezve, dzimwe nyika chete kupiwa nehafu yeawa kuti agadzirire (vamwe vavo - maminitsi mashoma)! Dzimwe nguva pena pakarepo vaya asingachakwanisi kufamba. The mugwagwa haawanzopiwi zvokudya, akaramba pasina mvura. Zvifambiswe muna aishandiswa kutakura, pasina zvimbudzi, pasina zvivako. Vakakurumidza akavigwa vakafa pedyo njanji makwara. Pakanga pasina kutarisirwa zvokurapa, vanhu vakatanga kurwara.

Kwakadaro kwaiva njodzi zvimwe zvakawanda zvisiri pamutemo misha dzavanhu: Karachai, Kalmyks, Balkars, Azeris, vaGiriki, vokuTurkey, vokuArmenia. zvino tinoziva kuti pokutapwa zvakonzera upfumi uye tsika USSR irreparable kukuvara. Uyewo kunoderedza simba uye simba wakaratidzwa zvinhu zvisingafadzi National nyaya itsika.

Kururamiswa (Rehabilitation Act 1991)

Maererano naye, vaiona vaidzvinyirirwa avanhu (uyewo - madzinza uye nevamwe munharaunda vanhu), noruremekedzo izvo panguva senyika - pahwaro imwe nenhumbi - wakaitwa wokuti rudzi uye chinyorwa, achiperekedzwa kwemahofisi uye kuparadza. Zvose zvisiri pamutemo yokutama pavakanga mhosva, havana mhosva, uye pazvinobvira, vakadzokera kwavo dzinogarisana yepakutanga.

Modern mutemo (mutemo 2014, kuendeswa)

Mazuva pamutemo munda, izwi kwakafanana administrative kubviswa. Chirango ichi zvinoshandawo rusarura ndeyedu vanhu. Pokubudiswa munyika yokumwe zvizvarwa ndiko yavo chokuzvidira raitungamirirwa, vachisiya nyika yavakanga vanogara. Pasi mutemo mutsva, kupinda munharaunda Russia hakubvumidzwi kuti vanodarika hafu yemiriyoni vatorwa!

Kudhipotwa vevanhu chiri kutarisirwa, kana vakakanganisa mitemo kugara munyika, yakapiwa mumutemo (kunonyanya kusvika mazuva 90 kwemwedzi mitanhatu, uyewo zvavo ipa mhosva). For nemabhizimisi vakabhadhara zvisiri pamutemo vatama kushanda, akapa vachiwedzera fines kusvikira rubles miriyoni imwe. In akadzokorora Muzviitiko - zvirango, kusanganisira pakazovharwa kambani. Uyezve, nokuti vanotama vakawanda inopa kwegadziriro fines uye kunyange mhosva mirango!