Ndeipi adiabatic muitiro?

Kuvaka kupisa injini, izvo zvinogona kuita basa achishandisa kupisa, unofanira kusika zvimwe zvinhu. Chokutanga, kupisa injini kushanda nenzira cyclic rudzi, umo nhamba akatevedzana thermodynamic pezvakaitwa kusika munhu loop. Mugumisiro gasi kutenderera akanyudzwa mukati humburumbira ane chinjwa pisitoni, anoita basa. Asi imwe kutenderera kuti batch mangé muchina zvishoma, chinofanira iterate pamusoro uye pamusoro zvakare kwenguva yakati. Vose rinoitwa munguva zvakafanorongwa nguva chokwadi vakakamurwa nguva anopa imwe pfungwa inokosha - simba.

In pakati pezana XIX remakore, wokutanga kupisa injini zvakasikwa. Ndivo basa, asi muve yakawanda kupisa zvinoberekwa combustion peturu. Panguva iyoyo yokungotaura yefizikisi varikubvunza, "gasi basa sei mune kupisa muinjini? Sei zvikuru basa ane zvishoma peturu? "

Kuti aite Kuongorora gasi mabasa , yakanga yokusuma gadziriro yose tsanangudzo uye pfungwa. The raora pamusoro determinations zvose uye akasika yose tsvakurudzo nharaunda, inonzi "Engineering wethermodynamics". In wethermodynamics, rakagamuchirwa dzinoverengeka zvekungofungira, usingasii zvitadzise huru mhedziso. Tools muviri - ephemeral gasi (kwete huripo zvakasikwa) iyo inogona compressed kuti razero vhoriyamu vane mamorekuru regai dyidzana. In zvepanyama ezvinhu zviripo chete magasi chaivo, vane ehupfumi yakajeka indistinguishable kubva yakanaka gasi.

Kuona muenzaniso simba ari kushanda fluid zvave mitemo wethermodynamics, iyo inorondedzera dzinokosha thermodynamic pezvakaitwa akadai:

• isochoric mutoo - Maitikiro acho rinoitwa pasina kuchinja Vhoriyamu kushanda Urume. Conditions isochoric muitiro, v = const;
• isobaric mutoo - Maitikiro acho rinoitwa pasina kuchinja kumanikidzwa iri kushanda Urume. Conditions isobaric muitiro, P = const;
• isothermal (isothermal) muitiro - Maitikiro acho rinoitwa apo kuramba tembiricha pane akafanorongerwa pamwero. Conditions isothermal muitiro, T = const;
• adiabatic muitiro (adiabatic, saka anonzi ano Thermal Engineering) - munhu kwacho, akaita iri nzvimbo pasina kupanana kupisa pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvemupiro adiabatic muitiro, q = 0;
• polytropic muitiro - ndiro generalized muitiro anotsanangura ose thermodynamic urongwa dzataurwa pamusoro apa, uyewo mimwe zvingangoitika kuzadzika ari humburumbira ane chinjwa pisitoni.

Pakusika wokutanga kupisa injini bata kutenderera iri kuti inonyanya kunyatsoshanda (coefficient maitiro). Sadi Carnot, kuongorora mamwe thermodynamic urongwa, ari chero paangodira akaenda kutanga kutenderera kwayo, zita rake - the Carnot kutenderera. It sequentially akaita isothermal, ipapo adiabatic compression rikurumidze. The kushanda Urume pashure Implementation pamusoro azvaiitwa ane kuchengeterwa yomunyika simba, asi haisati yapera ichitanga, saka kushanda Urume iri kuwedzerwa uye anoita isothermal kuwedzera kwacho. Kupedza kutenderera uye kudzokera kwokutanga kushanda Urume parameters, adiabatic kuwedzera kwacho rinoitwa.

Carnot akaratidza kuti kunyatsoshanda racho kutenderera kunosvika vaifanira, uye hunoenderana badzi kutonhora zviri isotherms maviri. The kumusoro musiyano pakati pavo, kuti akagamuchirawo yepamusoro chafariz kunyatsoshanda. Kuedza kusika munhu kupisa injini yacho Carnot kutenderera uye kwave kusingabudiriri. Zviri dzakanakira kutenderera risingagoni akaita. Asi iye akaratidza chikuru musimboti mutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics, pamusoro hazvibviri kuwana basa, akaenzana mari pamusoro chafariz simba. vanoverengeka tsanangudzo vakanga akagadzira mutemo wechipiri (mutemo) mutemo wethermodynamics, maererano iyo Rudolf Clausius akatanga pfungwa entropy. The chikuru mhedziso yake tsvakurudzo - entropy iri kuwedzera, iyo inotungamirira chafariz "rufu".

Chinonyanya kukosha budiriro aiva Clausius kunzwisisa adiabatic kwacho kwayo Implementation ari kushanda mvura yacho entropy haachinji. Naizvozvo adiabatic muitiro Clausius - ndiko S = const. Pano That - ndiro entropy, zvinopa rimwe zita kuti muitiro rinoitwa pasina kugoverwa kana kubvisa kupisa, - isentropic muitiro. Masayendisiti vari kutsvaka vakadaro kutenderera kupisa injini, pose paiva kuwedzera entropy. Asi zvinosuwisa ichi asichagoni kusika. Naizvozvo vaziva kuti kupisa injini haigoni kusikwa zvachose.

Asi kwete vanotsvakurudza zvose zvakaiswa configured tariro kudaro. Vakanga vachitsvaka chaiko zvinogara nokuda chafariz michina. Somugumisiro tsvakiridzo dzavo Nikolaus August Otto akasika ake kutenderera kupisa injini, iyo yava kunzi rakatangwa muna injini wakamhanyira peturu. Pano, muitiro anoitwa adiabatic compression rwekuita muviri uye isochoric kupisa wedzerai (mafuta combustion pa kugara vhoriyamu), saka pane adiabatic kuwedzera (basa riri kuitwa kushanda svikiro iri muitiro kuwedzera inzwi rayo), uye isochoric nokupisa kubviswa. Yokutanga womukati combustion injini yacho Otto kutenderera waishandiswa sezvo mafuta gasi zvinobata moto. Pave paya zvakanzi yagadzirwa carburetors kuti vave benzovozdushnoy kusika musanganiswa mumhepo peturu vapor uye zvokudya navo injini humburumbira.

In Otto kutenderera chinotsva musanganiswa iri compressed, saka uwandu compression kuti iduku - mafuta muvhenganiswa iine katsika putitsa (putika apo dzinonetsa nezvinetso uye tembiricha). Saka, basa iri adiabatic compression muitiro wacho pasi. Pano isu anosuma mumwe pfungwa: asi compression reshiyo - nhamba yose vhoriyamu kuti compression vhoriyamu.

Kuwana nzira kuwedzera mafuta kunyatsoshanda hwesimba mberi. Inosimudzira kunyatsoshanda kuonekwa kuwedzera compression reshiyo. Rudolf Diesel yakatanga kutenderera wayo umo kupisa romugove rinoitwa panguva dzose kumanikidzwa (ari isobaric muitiro). Its kutenderera yaiva hwaro injini vachishandisa Diesel fuel (aizivikanwawo Diesel huni). In kutenderera Diesel chinotsva muvhenganiswa haina compressed, uye mhepo. Naizvozvo, vanoti kuti basa rinoitwa nenzira adiabatic chichingoitwa. The tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa pakupera mukuru compression, saka kuburikidza kamwene chinotsva jekiseni rinoitwa. Zvinonzi hwakakanyiwa inopisa mhepo kuumba combustible musanganiswa. It anopisa, ichi inowedzera womukati simba pamusoro kushanda Urume. Uyezve gasi ne adiabatic kuwedzera iri, kwakaita kushanda sitiroko.

Kuedza kushandisa Diesel kutenderera kupisa injini vakakundikana, saka Gustav Trinkler anosikwa kubatanidzwa kutenderera Trinklera. Uye kurishandisa yanhasi Diesel injini. In ichitanga kupisa yaipiwa kubudikidza Trinklera isochore, uye ipapo pamusoro isobars. Chete pashure ichi zvinoitwa adiabatic basa rokuwedzera kushanda Urume.

By Fananidzo pamwe pisitoni kupisa injini uye turbine basa. Asi urongwa kwavo kupisa nokubviswa pakupera rinokosha adiabatic pakuwedzera gasi rinoitwa nevanhu isobars. Mundege, gasi turbine michini, uye turboprop adiabatic kwacho kunoitika kaviri panguva compression uye kuwedzera.

Kupembedza zvose chinokosha Dzidziso adiabatic mutoo dzave dzichitaurwa ugari Masvomhu. Pane rinowanika inokosha kukosha, inonzi adiabatic indekisi. Its ukoshi nokuda diatomic gasi (okisijeni uye senitrogen - ndivo huru diatomic magasi aripo mhepo) akaenzana 1,4. Kuverenga adiabatic indekisi inoshandiswa ane mbiri dzinonakidza maitiro, kureva, isobaric uye isochoric kupisa vanokwanisa pakati kushanda Urume. Nhamba K = CP / CV - ndiro adiabatic indekisi.

Sei kushandisa adiabatic kwacho yokungotaura Zvinonzi kupisa injini? Chaizvoizvo akaita polytropic muitiro, asi nokuti kuti kuitika yakakwirira zvazvingava, chipo chinogamuchirwa kutora kusavapo kupisa exchange zvakatipoteredza.

90% kuti magetsi ari kunotangira chafariz simba miti. Mavari sezvo kushanda Urume aishandisa chiutsi. Anogadzirwa kana achibika. Kuwedzera kushanda anokwanisa chiutsi, zviri chaipisa. Zvadaro, mukuru kufurirwa chaipisa hwemvura iri vaipa kune hwemvura turbine. Zvinoitawo inoitika adiabatic muitiro hwemvura kuwedzera. Turbine anozviisa achiumburuka, zviri chakasvitswa kune remagetsi. Izvi zvaizoitawo, zvinowanisa magetsi kuti vatengi. Steam turbines anoshanda ari Rankine kutenderera. Zvakanakisa kunyatsoshanda kunewo chokuita nokuwedzera kupisa uye kumanikidzwa chiutsi.

Sezvinoonekwa kubva apa, ane adiabatic muitiro zvakajairika kweShanduro zvemaziso uye magetsi masimba.